Transcript Ch 6 Med Term and Ch 15 BS Lymphatic_ImmuneSystems

CHAPTER 6:
THE LYMPHATIC AND
IMMUNE SYSTEMS
The Lymphatic System

Functions and
Structures
–
–
–
–
–
Lymph Fluid
Lymph Vessels
Lymph Nodes
The Tonsils
The Vermiform
Appendix
– The Spleen
– The Thymus

Pathology and
Diagnostic
Procedures
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Lymphadenitis
Lymphadenopathy
Lymphangiogram
Lymphangioma
Lymphedema
Splenomegaly
Splenorrhagia
 Primary
functions of the Lymphatic
System are:
– Return cellular waste products and excess fluid
from the tissues to the circulatory system
– Absorb fats and fat-soluble vitamins from the
digestive system and transport them to the
cells
– Serve as an important part of the immune
system
Lymph Fluid/Vessels/Nodes



Lymph:
– Lymph fluid, also known as interstitial fluid, intercellular, or
tissue fluid is a form of plasma that comes out from the
capillaries and into the spaces to provide food, oxygen, and
hormones to the cells.
– Lymph is the remaining or left over that fluid that has not
been reabsorbed. It removes cellular waste products,
pathogens, and dead blood cells from the surrounding tissues.
Lymph Vessels
– Lymph capillaries: thin tubes that carry lymph from the tissues
to the larger lymph vessels.
– Have one-way valves that only allow lymph flow into the
thoracic cavity
Lymph Nodes: located in the lymph vessels, provide a site for
lymphocyte production and removes bacteria, viruses, and
malignant cells out of the lymph fluid.
– Cervical: neck
– Axillary: armpit
– Inguinal: groin

Tonsils
– Form a protective ring around the nose an
upper throat
 Adenoids: located in the nasopharynx
 Palatine: located in the back of the throat,
visible through open mouth
 Lingual: located at the base of the tongue

Vermiform Appendix
– Hangs from the lower portion of the cecum on
the large intestine
– Located in the right lower quadrant
– Peyer’s patches are located in the ileum, the
last segment of the small intestine and hang
from the intestinal walls.

The Spleen
– Located in the left upper quadrant, just
posterior to the stomach
– Filters foreign material and microorganisms
from the blood
– Is hemolytic: removes and destroys worn-out
red blood cells
– Maintains balance between red blood cells and
plasma in the circulation as it stores extra
RBC’s
– Forms lymphocytes and monocytes (wbc)

The Thymus
– Located superior to the heart
– Plays important role in the endocrine/immune
systems
thymus
appendix
spleen
WBC
monocyte
tonsils
lymphocyte
Pathology and Diagnostic Procedures –
of Lymphatic Structures







Lymphadenitis: inflammation of lymph nodes
Lymphadenopathy: disease process usually
involving enlargement of the lymph nodes
Lymphangiogram: Radiographic contrast study of
the lymph vessels and nodes
Lymphangioma: benign mass of lymphatic
vessels
Lymphedema: improper drainage of lymph
vessels or veins resulting in abnormal
accumulation of fluid in legs and ankles
Splenomegaly: enlargement of the spleen
Splenorrhagia: bleeding from the spleen
splenectomy
lymphadenectomy
thymectomy
lymphadenitis
tonsillectomy
Allergy testing
The Immune System – functions to
protect the body from harmful substances

Functions and
Structures
– The First Line of
Defense
– The Immune
Response
– Specialized Cells of
the Immune
Reactions
– Immunity
– Immune System
Response Factors

Pathology and
Diagnostic
Procedures
– Allergic Reactions
– Autoimmune Disorders
– Immunodeficiency

Treatment Procedures
– Immunotherapy
– Antibody Therapy
– Immunosuppression
The First Lines of Defense
 Intact
Skin:
physical barrier to protect
foreign substances from entering the body
 Respiratory
system:
filters foreign
matter with nose hairs and mucous membranes,
expelled by sneezing and coughing
 Digestive
System:
destroys invaders that
are swallowed or consumed with food
 Lymphatic
System:
fights off invaders
once they have entered the body
The Immune Response – destroys
infectious microorganisms that enter the body
through antigen-antibody reactions

Antigen: virus, bacterium, or toxin that the

Antibody: disease-fighting protein created by

Immune Reaction: antigen-antibody
body regards as foreign
– Stimulates immune response
the immune system in response to that particular
antigen
reaction
– Forms antigen-antibody complexes
– Tags potentially dangerous antigens to be
recognized and destroyed
Specialized Cells of the
Lymphatic System

Lymphocytes: WBC that attack specific microorganisms
– B Cells: most effective against viruses and bacteria that
are circulating in the blood


Complement
Immunoglobin
– T Cells: small circulating lymphocytes that have traveled
to the thymus to mature and kill invading organisms
on contact
 Interferon
 Lymphokines
 Macrophage:
protects the body by ingesting invading
cells
 Phagocyte: ingests and destroy substances such as
cell debris, dust, pollen, and pathogens (phagocytosis)

Immunity:
the state of being
resistant or not
 Response Factors:
susceptible to a specific
influence the immune
disease
system’s ability to
respond
– Natural: passed from
mother to child
– Health
– Acquired: obtained by
– Age
the development of
– Heredity
antibodies during
– Opportunistic infection:
attack of infectious
a pathogen that
disease
normally does not
– Artificial:
cause disease but is
immunization
able to cause illness in
a weakened host whose
resistance in decreased
by other disease
Pathology and Diagnostic
Procedures of the Immune System



Allergic Reactions
– Cellular Response: localized sensitivity to allergen
Itching, hives, erythema
– Systemic reaction: anaphylaxis, severe response where
symptoms develop quickly and include blockage of air
passages, drop in blood pressure
– Scratch Test and Antihistamines: identifying and
treatment of allergens
Autoimmune Disorders: immune system misreads normal
antigens and develops antibodies to attack them (Tbl. 6.4)
– Crohn’s Dx
– Diabetes mellitus, type 1
Immunodeficiency: one or more parts of the immune
system are deficient or missing
– HIV: blood borne pathogen that invades and then
impairs or kills cells of the immune system – AIDS =
advanced stages of HIV
Scratch Test
 Treatment
Procedures of the
Immune System
– Immunotherapy: can be used in the
treatment of cancers by triggering the immune
response to fight the malignancy.
– Antibody Therapy: post exposure
preventative measure
– Immunosuppressant: treatment used to
interfere with the ability of the immune system
to respond to stimulation by antigens
Pathogenic Organisms
 Bacteria
 Fungus,
Yeast, and Parasites
 Viruses
– Viral Infections:
 Chicken
Pox
 Herpes Zoster
 Infectious Mononucleosis
 Measles
 Mumps
 Rabies
 Rubella
Oncology
Study of prevention, causes, and
treatment of tumors and cancer
 Terms Related to Oncology:

– Tumor: neoplasm, new and abnormal tissue
formation (angiogenesis)
– Benign: not recurring, nonmalignant, with a
favorable chance of recovery (myoma)
– Malignant: harmful, tending to spread,
becoming progressively worse, and lifethreatening
– Carcinoma in situ: malignant tumor still in it’s
original position, has not metastasized (spread
from one place to another)