Transcript Ch 15 BS and CH 6 MT

CHAPTER 6:
THE LYMPHATIC AND
IMMUNE SYSTEMS
The Lymphatic System
• Functions and
Structures
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Lymph Fluid
Lymph Vessels
Lymph Nodes
The Tonsils
The Vermiform Appendix
The Spleen
The Thymus
• Pathology and
Diagnostic Procedures
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Lymphadenitis
Lymphadenopathy
Lymphangiogram
Lymphangioma
Lymphedema
Splenomegaly
Splenorrhagia
• Primary functions of the Lymphatic System
are:
– Return cellular waste products and excess fluid from the
tissues to the circulatory system
– Absorb fats and fat-soluble vitamins from the digestive
system and transport them to the cells
– Serve as an important part of the immune system
Lymph Fluid/Vessels/Nodes
• Lymph:
– Interstitial fluid, intercellular, or tissue fluid is plasma that comes out
from the blood capillaries and into the spaces within the tissues to
provide food, oxygen, and hormones to the cells.
– Lymph fluid is the remaining or left over interstitial fluid that has not
been reabsorbed into the blood. It removes cellular waste products,
pathogens, and dead blood cells from the surrounding tissues.
• Lymph Vessels
– Lymph capillaries: thin tubes that carry lymph from the tissues to the
larger lymph vessels
– Have one-way valves that only allow lymph flow into the thoracic
cavity
• Lymph Nodes: located in the lymph vessels, provide a site for
lymphocyte production and removes bacteria, viruses, and malignant
cells out of the lymph fluid.
– Cervical: neck
– Axillary: armpit
– Inguinal: groin
• Tonsils
– Form a protective ring around the nose an upper throat
• Adenoids: located in the nasopharynx
• Palatine: located in the back of the throat, visible
through open mouth
• Lingual: located at the base of the tongue
• Vermiform Appendix
– Hangs from the lower portion of the cecum on the large
intestine
– Located in the right lower quadrant
– Peyer’s patches are located in the ileum, the last segment
of the small intestine and hang from the intestinal walls.
• The Spleen
– Located in the left upper quadrant, just posterior to the
stomach
– Filters foreign material and microorganisms from the blood
– Is hemolytic: removes and destroys worn-out red blood
cells
– Maintains balance between red blood cells and plasma in
the circulation as it stores extra RBC’s
– Forms lymphocytes and monocytes (wbc)
• The Thymus
– Located superior to the heart
– Plays important role in the endocrine/immune systems
thymus
appendix
spleen
WBC
monocyte
tonsils
lymphocyte
Pathology and Diagnostic Procedures – of
Lymphatic Structures
• Lymphadenitis: inflammation of lymph nodes
• Lymphadenopathy: disease process usually involving
enlargement of the lymph nodes
• Lymphangiogram: Radiographic contrast study of the lymph
vessels and nodes
• Lymphangioma: benign mass of lymphatic vessels
• Lymphedema: improper drainage of lymph vessels or veins
resulting in abnormal accumulation of fluid in legs and ankles
• Splenomegaly: enlargement of the spleen
• Splenorrhagia: bleeding from the spleen
splenectomy
lymphadenectomy
thymectomy
lymphadenitis
tonsillectomy
Allergy testing
The Immune System – functions to protect
the body from harmful substances
• Functions and
Structures
• Pathology and Diagnostic
Procedures
– The First Line of Defense
– Allergic Reactions
– The Immune Response
– Autoimmune Disorders
– Specialized Cells of the
– Immunodeficiency
Immune Reactions
– Immunity
• Treatment Procedures
– Immune System
– Immunotherapy
Response Factors
– Antibody Therapy
– Immunosuppression
The First Lines of Defense
• Intact Skin: physical barrier to protect foreign substances
from entering the body
• Respiratory system: filters foreign matter with nose
hairs and mucous membranes, expelled by sneezing and
coughing
• Digestive System: destroys invaders that are swallowed
or consumed with food
• Lymphatic System: fights off invaders once they have
entered the body
The Immune Response – destroys infectious
microorganisms that enter the body through antigenantibody reactions
• Antigen: virus, bacterium, or toxin that the body regards as
foreign
– Stimulates immune response
• Antibody: disease-fighting protein created by the immune
system in response to that particular antigen
• Immune Reaction: antigen-antibody reaction
– Forms antigen-antibody complexes
– Tags potentially dangerous antigens to be recognized and
destroyed
Specialized Cells of the Lymphatic System
• Lymphocytes: WBC that attack specific microorganisms
– B Cells: most effective against viruses and bacteria that are circulating in
the blood
• Complement
• Immunoglobin
– T Cells: small circulating lymphocytes that have traveled to the thymus
to mature and kill invading organisms on contact
• Interferon
• Lymphokines
• Macrophage: protects the body by ingesting invading cells
• Phagocyte: ingests and destroy substances such as cell debris, dust,
pollen, and pathogens (phagocytosis)
• Immunity:
the state of being resistant or
not susceptible to a specific
• Response Factors: influence
disease
the immune system’s ability to
respond
– Natural: passed from
mother to child
– Health
– Acquired: obtained by the
– Age
development of antibodies
– Heredity
during attack of infectious
– Opportunistic infection: a
disease
pathogen that normally does
– Artificial: immunization
not cause disease but is able
to cause illness in a weakened
host whose resistance is
decreased by other disease
Pathology and Diagnostic Procedures of the
Immune System
• Allergic Reactions
– Cellular Response: localized sensitivity to allergen
Itching, hives, erythema
– Systemic reaction: anaphylaxis, severe response where symptoms
develop quickly and include blockage of air passages, drop in blood
pressure
– Scratch Test and Antihistamines: identifying and treatment of allergens
• Autoimmune Disorders: immune system misreads normal antigens and
develops antibodies to attack them (Tbl. 6.4)
– Crohn’s Dx
– Diabetes mellitus, type 1
• Immunodeficiency: one or more parts of the immune system are deficient
or missing
– HIV: blood borne pathogen that invades and then impairs or kills cells
of the immune system – AIDS = advanced stages of HIV
Scratch Test
• Treatment Procedures of the Immune System
– Immunotherapy: can be used in the treatment of
cancers by triggering the immune response to fight the
malignancy.
– Antibody Therapy: post exposure preventative
measure
– Immunosuppressant: treatment used to interfere with
the ability of the immune system to respond to stimulation
by antigens
Pathogenic Organisms
• Bacteria
• Fungus, Yeast, and Parasites
• Viruses
– Viral Infections:
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Chicken Pox
Herpes Zoster
Infectious Mononucleosis
Measles
Mumps
Rabies
Rubella
Oncology
• Study of prevention, causes, and treatment of
tumors and cancer
• Terms Related to Oncology:
– Tumor: neoplasm, new and abnormal tissue formation
(angiogenesis)
– Benign: not recurring, nonmalignant, with a favorable
chance of recovery (myoma)
– Malignant: harmful, tending to spread, becoming
progressively worse, and life-threatening
– Carcinoma in situ: malignant tumor still in it’s original
position, has not metastasized (spread from one place to
another)