Blood- Chapter 18
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Transcript Blood- Chapter 18
Chapter 19: The Cardiovascular
System: Blood
Functions of Blood
________________
Oxygen from lungs to cells, CO2 from cells
Nutrients from GI tract
Hormones
Heat and waste
___________
Homeostasis of body fluids
pH, temperature, osmotic pressure
_______________- from excessive blood loss & disease
Clotting
WBC
Proteins, Ab, interferon, complement
Components,
Fig 19.1, table 19.1
_____________ - 55% of whole blood
Water, proteins, others
__________________- 45%
RBC = erythrocytes (4.8- 5.4 million/l blood)
WBC = leukocytes, 5 types, (5-10,000/ l blood)
Agranulocytes= Lymphocytes, monocytes
Granulocytes= Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
Platelets = thrombocytes; from megakaryocytes;
(150-400,000/l)
Plasma, specific components
Water
Solutes
Proteins- albumin, globulins, clotting factors
Antibodies are _________________- produced
during immune responses against bacteria & viruses
Nutrients- simple sugars, amino acids, fats
Electrolytes- various salts
Gases- oxygen and carbon dioxide
Waste products- byproducts of metabolism:
urea, uric acid, creatinine, ammonia, bilirubin
Normal blood smear
Physical characteristics
Denser, more viscous than water
Temp = 38°C = 100.4°F
Slightly alkaline pH = 7.35 - 7.45
___________________________ is blood
8% body mass
_____________ (1.5 gal) in average male
4-5L (1.2 gal) in avg. ♀
Formation of blood cells Fig 19.3
____________- how formed elements are made
Before birth- in yolk sac of embryo
In fetus- liver, spleen, thymus and lymph nodes
Red bone marrow - 1° site last 3 months of fetal
development & continues to be thru out life
Highly vascularized
Microscopic spaces in spongy bone
From pluripotent stem cells
Rate of production in adulthood and becomes
predominantly yellow bone marrow
Marrow sinusoids (enlarged, leaky capillaries)
circulation
Red Blood Cells = Erythrocytes
General Structure: biconcave disk, 7-8 μm
Function: ____________________
Hemoglobin (Hb) – oxygen carrying protein that gives
blood it’s red color, binds 4 oxygen molecules
______________- % of total blood volume that
is occupied by RBC
Normal range adults: ♀ 38-46%, ♂ 40-54%
Testosterone stimulates erythropoietin- hormone that
stimulates RBC production
Production – new mature RBC must enter the
bloodstream at least 2 million/ second to = their
rate of destruction
Structural Characteristics
RBC Physiology
____________________ for oxygen transport
No nucleus, all space for oxygen storage
Lack mitochondria for ATP generation do not USE
any of the O2 they transport
Shape facilitates function
↑ surface area ↑ surface for gas diffusion
280 million Hb / RBC, each Hb can bind 4 O2
120 day life–wear & tear, no nucleus no repair
Destroyed in spleen and liver & recycled
________ on plasma membrane account for
ABO blood types & Rh factor
Hb = 2α, 2β chains; 1 heme with Fe2+ /chain
Figure 19.5 formation & destruction
Erythropoiesis
Figure 19.6
Production of RBC
Start in RB marrow w/ proerythroblast
Divides several times
Ejects nucleus reticulocyte = immature
Loss of nucleus causes indentation
______________ pass from RB marrow to
bloodstream- squeeze thru endothelial
cells of capillaries called sinusoids
RBC destruction
Fig. 19.5, 6
If erythropoiesis ≠ destruction, neg. feedback
loop to ↑ RBC production
If cellular oxygen is deficient = _________,
stimulates kidney to release erythropoietin
High altitude – lower O2 content in air
Circulatory problems
________- # RBC or Hb content low (some causes:)
• Lack of iron
• Lack of certain a.a.
• Lack Vitamin B12
Breakdown & recycling at liver, spleen, or RB
marrow
Erythrocyte Disorders
________________ – disorder characterized by >
normal hematocrit (>55%) in which hypertension,
thrombosis (clot in an unbroken vessel), & hemorrahage
(bleeding) can occur
Anemias- O2 carrying capacity reduced, fatigued,
intolerant to cold, may appear pale:
Iron deficiency
Megoblastic- inadequate Vitamin B12 or folic acid
Pernicious- insufficient hemopoiesis
Hemorrhagic- excessive loss of RBC
Hemolytic- RBC rupture prematurely
Thalassemia- Hb deficiency
Aplastic- destruction of RB marrow
Erythrocyte disorders (2)
Fig 19.14
Sickle-Cell Disease (SCD) – RBC contain Hb-S,
an abnormal Hb
Hb-S gives up oxygen to interstitial fluid it forms a
long, rod-like structure, sickle shape
Some degree of ____________
Mild ____________- yellowness of skin, eyes,
membranes due to build up of bilirubin
Joint, bone pain; breathlessness, rapid h.r., fever,
fatigue due to tissue damage & oxygen debt
__________________
2 defective genes = severe
one gene = minor problems
Leukocytes = WBC
Fig. 19.7, 8
Types: granular and agranular
All have nuclei, no Hb
Functions- each of 5 have specific functions
See table 19.3
Far less numerous than RBC
Avg 5-10,000 cells / μl of blood
________________________ > 10,000 cells / μl of blood
• Normal protective response: microbes, strenuous exercise, anesthesia,
surgery
________________________ < 5,000 cells / μl of blood
• Never beneficial– caused by radiation, shock, chemotherapy
Cell life = hours to few days, but T & B memory can live
for many years once established
Granulocytes
fig 19.7, table 19.3
______________________= 60-70%
Phagocytosis
destruction of bacteria w/ lysozyme, defensins, & strong
oxidants
______________________= 2-4%
combat histamine effects in allergic rxns
phagocytize A-Ab complexes
destroy certain parasitic worms
_______________ = 0.5-1%
liberate heparin (prevents clotting)
histamine (vasodilate, ↑perm of bv, constricts airway)
serotonin in allergic rxns
Agranulocytes
fig 19.7, table 19.3
__________________ = 20-25%
mediate immune responses- A-Ab rxns
B cells develop into plasma cells, secrete Ab
T cells attack invading viruses, cancer cells,
transplanted tissue cells
Natural killer cells attack wide range of infectious
microbes & certain spontaneous arising tumor cells
___________________ = 3-8%
Phagocytosis
transform into fixed or wandering macrophages
Emigration (aka diapedesis)
Fig 19.8
How WBC leave bloodstream
Rolling along the endothelium, stick to it, squeeze
between endothelial cells
Precise signals stimulate, vary for different types
Adhesion molecules- ____________ tether neutrophils
to endothelium & assist in movement to ECF
Neutrophils & macrophages are phagocytic
_____________ -microbe secretions attract phagocytes
Neutrophils- quick responders:
Lysozyme, strong oxidants, defensins- proteins that
exhibit broad range antibiotic activity bacteria & fungi
Phagocytosis (in ch 22)
Inflammation
Immunity
State of being resistant to injury, particularly by
poisons, foreign proteins, & invading pathogens
______________– due to an individual’s biological
makeup
Antibodies, skin, stomach acid, mucous, coughing,
enzymes in saliva & tears, skin oils
______________ – acquired due to injection of
vaccine, dead or attenuated pathogens or
immunoglobulins
______________ – resistance to disease or infection
due to one’s immune system functioning to produce
antibodies
______________ – acquired by transfer of serum
from another animal produced by sensitized
lymphocyte, or mother to fetus
Antigen - Antibody
_____________ (A) – substance provoking
immunogenicity and reactivity (react w/Ab or cells that
result from immune response)
On RBC = agglutinogens = glycoproteins or glycolipids
Categorized the blood groups: A, B, AB, O; also Rh
____________ (Ab) - protein produced by a plasma cell
to specific antigen
Combine with Antigen to neutralize, inhibit or destroy it
__________________ – clumping of microorganisms or
blood cells due to A-Ab rxn
MHC Antigens
Major _________________ (MHC)
antigens – surface proteins on WBC &
other nucleated cells that are unique to
each person (except identical twins)
Used for tissue typing
Leukemias
group of RB marrow cancers, abnormal WBC multiply
uncontrollably
accumulation of cancerous WBC interferes w/production of RBC,
WBC & platelets
O2 carrying capacity , more susceptible to infection, abnormal clot
Cancerous WBC spread to lymph nodes, liver, & spleen causing
enlargement
Anemia, weight loss, fever, night sweats, excessive bleeding,
recurrent infections
Cause- unknown, risk factors: radiation, chemotherapy, genetic
disorders, environmental factors, microbes
Acute- symptoms develop rapidly (adults or children)
Chronic- take years to develop (usually just adults)
Treatment- chemotherapy, radiation, stem cell transplant,
interferon, Ab, blood transfusion
Platelet formation
Hemostasis
Fig 19.11
1. _____________ – smooth muscle contraction in rxn to
damage
2. ______________________ – platelets adhere,
activate, liberate contents, aggregation forms plug
3. ___________________ – fibrin threads form
4. ________________________ - contraction of fibrin
threads to tighten clot, release factors to strengthen
5. ______________ – enzyme digests clot
Fibrinolytic system – dissolves small inappropriate clots
Streptokinase – first thromolytic agent for dissolving clots in
coronary arteries, approved 1982
Coagulation time
Time required for blood to coagulate, 2-6 min
Can be prolonged due to the following:
__________________ – X chromosome linked disorder
resulting in deficiency of clotting factor VIII (type A) or
deficiency of factor XI (type B & C)
Spontaneous or traumatic subcutaneous intramuscular
hemorrahaging, nose bleeds, blood in urine
Obstructive jaundice – obstructing bile flow
Some anemias and leukemias
Some of infectious diseases
Blood typing
Fig 19.12-19.14
Human Blood Groups
ABO Blood Groups
Rh Blood Groups
Transfusion rxns:
Agglutination
Hemolysis
Blood Typing
Table 19.5 - frequency of types
Table 19.6 - group interactions
Transfusion
RBC only or blood plasma only is
transferred into the bloodstream or directly
into red bone marrow
INCOMPATIBLE BLOOD TYPE:
Agglutination rxn – recipient’s
____________bind to the _____________
A-Ab complex activate plasma proteins to the
complement family
Make the plasma membrane of donated cells leaky
_________________ – rupture of cells, loss of Hb
Rh factor
Fig 19.13
Antigen discovered in Rhesus monkey
Rh+ have antigen, Rh- do NOT have antigen
Normally, plasma does not contain anti-Rh Ab
If Rh- person receives Rh+ transfusion immune
system will start to make anti-Rh Ab that will remain
in blood. Problem: _____________ of Rh+ occurs
later, Anti-Rh Ab that have been building can cause
agglutination of donated blood hemolysis
Hemolytic disease of newborn (HDN)- if fetal blood
(Rh+) leaks across placenta, exposure to Rh-A
mother (Rh-) making anti-Rh, prob – 2nd baby RH+