Transcript 2. Blood Slideshow by Kirsten Cluett - Jannali

Blood
is crucial for transportation of nutrients and gases from an external
environment to cells, plus, transporting wastes from cells to be
excreted from the body
By Kirsten Cluett
Composition of
Blood
If a mammal’s blood was
sampled and spun in a
centrifuge…
• The blood would split into
cellular matter and plasma
• Plasma making up 55% by
volume
• Cell fraction making up 45%
- Consisting of red and
white blood cells and
platelets
Components - Plasma
• Sticky, off-white slightly salty liquid
• (Suspends) Red and White Blood cells
and platelets
• Transports nutrients, and other substances
e.g. Carbon Dioxide waste
• Contain substances that stabilise pH and
osmotic pressure
• Substances in plasma clot blood when
needed act in immune response
Components – Cellular Matter
RED BLOOD CELL: (erythrocytes)
• Biconcave, disc-shaped
• In humans have no nuclei
• Remain in the blood for 3 months
• Contain haemoglobin (oxy-haemoglobin transporting oxygen) and other respiratory
gases are transported
• 1mL = 5-6 million in blood
WHITE BLOOD CELL: (leucocytes)
• Contain a nucleus
• Larger than red blood cells
• Phagocytes – collects at areas of infection, ingesting foreign bodies. Lymphocytes – act
against foreign material, and make antibodies to fight against disease
• Important in immune response
• 1mL = 4000-12000 in blood
PLATELETS:
• Makes up a tiny <0.01% part in one blood part
• Helps the blood to clot
• Aids in inflammation
Blood
Composition
- Centrifuged
Donated Blood
• Usually 450 mL given each
donation
• Donors are screened and
regulated
• Checked to prevent antibodies
in donation do not react with
patient’s red cell antigens
Packaged into products:
• Whole blood
• Packaged red blood cells
• Plasma
• Platelet concentrate
• Cryopreciptated AHF
• Plasma fractions
Donated Blood
Extracted Parts
Various components of blood can be separated from whole blood to
help a patient’s specific needs
• Red Blood Cells: Increase oxygen carried to body’s tissues.
Given to people with… anaemia, blood loss patients and patients with
bone marrow red blood cell deficiency
• Platelets: Are essential for blood clotting
For cancer of the blood, Leukaemia (Cancer patients often don’t make
enough blood platelets)
• Plasma: Blood-clotting factors, adjusts osmotic pressure of blood
For people with clotting disorders like Haemophilia. Adjusts osmotic
pressure of blood
• Immunoglobins: Antibodies. Infection-fighting part of blood plasma For
people with difficulty fighting infections and immune system
malfunction e.g. AIDS.
• Clotting factors 8 and 11
• Granulocytes
How are These Parts Separated?
Packaged red blood cells:
• Extracted from whole blood by removing liquid plasma.
• The blood is centrifuged and red blood cells will fall the
bottom, the heaviest particle
• Suitable for sufferers of kidney failure and chronic
anaemia
Cryoprecipitated AHF:
• To be removed from plasma, it is frozen then thawed
• Controls or prevents bleeding – suitable for people with
haemophilia
• Blood processing allows blood
parts to be separated from
each other. There are different
methods to achieve this
• A hematocrit tube holds blood
and is placed in a centrifuge causing components to split
and red blood cells falling to
the bottom of the tube
• Blood component therapy
allows an extracted component
of the blood (e.g. plasma) to be
given to a patient by method of
blood transfusion (here the
same blood type must be
donated)
• Blood component therapy
allows specific blood
components to be brought
together for a patient’s needs
Continued.
Uses of Extracted Parts of Blood
Red blood cells
• Majority to people with cancer
• Traumatic accidents (with dramatic blood loss)
• Burns victims or surgery patients
Plasma
• Trauma, burns and blood disease
• Makes up 17 life-saving products
Platelets
• People with low platelet count
• Bleeding or risk of bleeding patients with non-functioning platelets
• Cancer patients (chemotherapy)
• Bone marrow transplant
• Liver disease
• Major trauma
• Surgery patients
Red Cross Blood Service
• Used when a patient suffers large volumes
of blood loss
• Carry oxygen and carbon dioxide
• Do not clot blood or involved in immune
defence
• Substitute for plasma to maintain blood
pressure (but do not supply oxygen to
tissues)
• Two types of oxygen carriers:
haemoglobin-based and
Perfluerochemicals
Artificial blood fluids:
• Normal saline (same concentration as
blood 0.9%)
• Dextrose 4% in a 0.18% saline solution
Artificial
Blood
Need for Artificial Blood
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Advantageous: Free of infectious agents, non-toxic and disease free which
is important in countries where blood transfusions contain diseases e.g.
Nigeria has AIDS spreading in blood transfusions
Universal acceptance
Stored at room temperature
Available in large supplies
PFC-based artificial blood can be used temporarily during open heart
surgery – minimises blood loss during operation
Transfusion without any tests required (blood type does not need to be
matched and antigens will not interfere)
Can be kept for long periods of time (2-3 years) compared to human blood’s
3 weeks
Rapid treatment in trauma patients
Oxygen carrying blood substitutes can be used for religious/cultural
objectors of blood transfusions
Currently cost-effective
Useful in surgery, trauma and oxygenation of tumours during chemotherapy
Bibliography
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Hill, J. and Alford, D. (2004). Excel
HSC Biology. New South Wales:
Pascal Press
Humphreys, K. (2004). Surfing. New
South Wales: Science Press
Mudie, K. and brotherton, J. (2004).
Heinemann Biology. Victoria: Reed
International Books Australia Pty Ltd
‘How donated blood is used’
http://www.donateblood.com.au/whydonate/blood-use (24 Nov 2012)