Transcript Bio_132_Lab_files/ABO Blood Groups

Composition of Blood
• Blood is the body’s only fluid tissue
– It is composed of liquid plasma and formed
elements
• Formed elements include:
– Erythrocytes, or red blood cells (RBCs)
– Leukocytes, or white blood cells (WBCs)
– Platelets are just cell fragmentsPlatelets
• Hematocrit – the percentage of RBCs out
of the total blood volume
Blood Plasma
• Blood plasma contains over 100 solutes,
including:
– Proteins – albumin, globulins, clotting
proteins, and others
– Nonprotein nitrogenous substances – lactic
acid, urea, creatinine
– Organic nutrients – glucose, carbohydrates,
amino acids, fatty acids
– Electrolytes – sodium, potassium, calcium,
chloride, bicarbonate
– Respiratory gases – oxygen and carbon
dioxide
Components of Whole Blood
Plasma
(55% of whole blood)
Buffy coat:
leukocyctes and
platelets
(<1% of whole blood)
1 Withdraw blood
and place in tube
2 Centrifuge
Erythrocytes
(45% of whole blood)
Formed
elements
ABO Blood Groups
• Immunocompetent
– All of ours cells have markers (antigens) on it’s cell membrane that
identify it to your immune system as self.
– (There are many known antigens on the surface of RBCs
• Classification on blood type is done with ABO blood groups:
– Two antigens aka. (Agglutinogens) (A and B) on the surface of the
RBCs that allow immune system to recognize cell as self.
– Two antibodies( agglutinins) in the plasma (anti-A and anti-B)
– Blood type is determined by the antigen
• Blood type A= has A antigen and B antibody
• Blood type B= has B antigen and A antibody
• Blood type O= has no antigens but both antibodies A and B
• Antigens and their corresponding antibodies cannot be mixed without
serious hemolytic reactions
– For example Blood type A mixed with anti A
ABO Blood Groups
Transfusion Reaction
• Agglutinated RBCs block blood vessels
and hemolyze
– free Hb blocks kidney tubules, causes death
Rh Group
• Rh (D) agglutinogens discovered in rhesus
monkey in 1940
– Rh+ blood type has D agglutinogens on RBCs
– Rh+ would be negative for Anti-D agglutinins
(antibodies)
• These antibodies are not normally present unless a
Rh- individuals exposed to Rh+ blood
• Rh- woman with an Rh+ fetus or transfusion of Rh+
blood
Hemolytic Disease of Newborn
• No problems with first pregnancy because
fetal/material blood don’t mix until delivery
– Rh- women bodies need time to develop the
antibodies
• If Rh- women has formed antibodies and is
pregnant with 2nd Rh+ child
– Anti-D antibodies can cross placenta and cause
severe hemolytic anemia
• Prevention
– RhoGAM given to pregnant Rh- women
• binds fetal agglutinogens so she will not form Anti-D
antibodies
Hemolytic Disease of Newborn
Fig. 18.16
• Rh antibodies attack fetal blood
– causing severe anemia
Complete Blood Count
• Looking at the blood can give us a lot of
clinical information:
– Total count for RBCs (Reticulocytes),
• Hematocrit and hemoglobin concentration
– O2 carrying capacity ( anemia's)
– Platelets count
• Increase risk of bleeding vs. clotting.
– Differential WBC count
• Give us insight to the condition.
– Cancer, infections, immune system function?
Figure 18.1
Formed Elements of Blood
Leukocyte Descriptions
• Granulocytes
– neutrophils (60-70%)
• fine granules in cytoplasm; 3 to 5 lobed nucleus
– eosinophils (2-4%)
• large rosy-orange granules; bilobed nucleus
– basophils (<1%)
• large, abundant, violet granules (obscure a large S-shaped
nucleus)
• Agranulocytes
– lymphocytes (25-33%)
• variable amounts of bluish cytoplasm (scanty to abundant);
ovoid/round, uniform dark violet nucleus
– monocytes (3-8%)
• largest WBC; ovoid, kidney-, or horseshoe- shaped nucleus
Granulocyte Functions
• Neutrophils ( in bacterial infections)
– phagocytosis of bacteria
– release antimicrobial chemicals such as lysosomes and peroxidase
– They are considered first responders in acute bacterial infections
• Eosinophils ( in parasitic infections or
allergies)
– phagocytosis of antigen-antibody complexes,
allergens and inflammatory chemicals
– release enzymes such as acid phosphotase to destroy parasites
• Basophils ( in chicken pox, sinusitis, diabetes)
– secrete histamine (vasodilator): this increases vessel permeability to
allow other WBC’s to an inflamed site.
– secrete heparin (anticoagulant) prevent clotting allowing mobility of
other WBC’s
Agranulocyte Functions
• Lymphocytes ( in diverse infections and
immune responses)
–
–
–
–
–
Are divided into T and B Lymphocytes
destroy cells (cancer, foreign, and virally infected cells)
“present” antigens to activate other immune cells
coordinate actions of other immune cells
secrete antibodies and provide immune memory
• Monocytes (in viral infections and inflammation)
– differentiate into macrophages
– “present” antigens to activate other immune cells
– They are the clean up crew. They come in after the
Neutrophils and phagocytize everything.
– They will be elevated in chronic conditions
Leukocytes (WBCs)
• Agranulocytes: no visible cytoplasmic granules
• Granulocytes: contain visible cytoplasmic
granules
• Neutrophils 60% Never
• Lymphocytes 30% Let
• Monocytes
8% Monkeys
• Eosinophils 2% eat
• Basophils
.5% Bananas
Receiving Blood From a Donor
• Type A can receive blood from types A and O
– A has anti-B, O has no surface antigens
• Type B can receive blood from types B and O
– B has anti-A, O has no surface antigens
• Type AB can receive blood from types A, B,AB and O
– Has no antibodies
– (universal recipient)
• Type O can receive blood from type O
– Has both anti-A and B antibodies in the plasma
– will react to all other types except itself
• Rh+ blood can receive blood from Rh+ and Rh- blood
– Doesn’t have anti-Rh antibodies in their plasma
• Rh- blood can receive blood from Rh- blood
– No anti-Rh antibodies or no surface antigens
Giving Blood to a Recipient
• Type A can give blood to types A and AB
– A has anti-B, AB has no antibodies in the plasma
• Type B can give blood to types B and AB
– B has anti-A, AB has no antibodies in the plasma
• Type AB can give blood to type AB
– All other have antibodies in plasma
• Type O (universal donor) can give blood to types
A, B, AB and O
– has no surface antigens to react with.
• Rh+ blood can give blood to Rh+ blood
– Doesn’t have anti-Rh antibodies in their plasma
• Rh- blood can give blood to Rh+ and Rh- blood
– Has no anti-Rh antibodies but no surface antigens