Transcript BLOOD TYPING

Blood Typing
Honors
Biology
Powerpoint #2
What is in blood?
1) White blood cells
2) Platelets
3) Plasma
4) Red Blood Cells
• Carry oxygen
throughout body
• Determine blood
type
Blood Typing Genotypes
Up to this point, we have talked about only
2 alleles for any gene (for example A or a)
In human blood types, there are 3 alleles:
IA, IB, and i (A, B and O)
This is called multiple alleles
Blood Typing Genotypes
Some rules in blood typing:
I is dominant to i
There are 6 possible genotypes, and 4
phenotypes
IAIA and IAi
IBIB and IBi
IAIB
ii
= blood type A
= blood type B
= blood type AB
= blood type O
What does your blood type mean?
Different blood
types have
different
SURFACE
PROTEINS on
their
RED BLOOD
CELLS
Glycoproteins on the surface of cells
help identify “self”, AKA Antigen on
blood cells
The pattern of proteins that are
attached is determined by a gene
Type A (IAIA and Iai)
An A allele (IA) tells
the cell to put
“A” Antigens
on its surface
Type B (IBIB and Ibi)
B allele (IB) tells
the cell to put
“B” Antigens
on its surface
Type O (ii)
An O allele (i) tells
the cell NOT to put A
or B
glycoproteins
on its surface
Type AB (IAIB)
A cell with BOTH
an A and a B allele
has BOTH A and B
glycoproteins on its
surface
Glycoproteins on the surface
of cells that cause an
immune reaction are called
ANTIGENS
ANTIBODIES are specialized proteins that are part of
your immune system. They react to, and attempt
to destroy, ‘foreign’ invaders. Grab on to anitgens
How Antigens & Antibodies Interact
If you are blood type “A”, you have:
“A” Antigens AND “B” Antibodies
If you add ANTI-A (antibody A)
to cells with “A” antigens on their
surface, it causes them to
clump together
= ________________________
AGGLUTINATION
Healthy blood cells vs Agglutinated cells
How Antigens & Antibodies Interact
Adding ANTI-A
antibodies to cells
with B glycoproteins
on their surface
causes NO REACTION
BLOOD TYPES
NO
YES
NO
Will ANTI-A react?
YES
BLOOD TYPES
NO
NO
YES
Will ANTI-B react?
YES
Blood Types
Blood Type:
Phenotype
Possible
Genotypes
Antigens
Antibodies
Can give
blood to
Can get
blood from
A
IAIA
IAi
A
B
A, AB
A, O
B
IBIB
IBi
B
A
B, AB
B, O
AB
IAIB
A&B
None
AB
A, B, AB,
O
O
ii
None
A&B
A, B, AB, O
O
The A,B,O SYSTEM IS NOT THE ONLY
ONE
Blood can also be Rh+ (positive) or
Rh-(negative)
Rh Factor
The Rh factor describes another surface protein
on the RBC. It is named after the Rhesus
monkey, where it was initially identified
If your blood does contain the
Rh protein, your blood is said
to be Rh positive (Rh+)
If your blood does NOT
contain the Rh protein,
your blood is said to be
Rh negative (Rh-)
Rh Factor
Similar to ABO blood types, an
Rh- person may have the Rh
antibody.
Therefore, Rh+ individuals can
give blood only to other Rh+,
but Rh- can give blood to both
Rh+ and RhSo, O- is the ultimate donor!
You can determine the blood type of a cell
by seeing which ANTIBODY it reacts with
Add 1 drop of person’s blood to each well
Add 15uL ANTI-A serum to A well
Add 15uL of ANTI-B serum to B well
Add 15uL of ANTI-Rh to Rh well
You are looking for blood agglutination
• Type A will clump in well A
• Type B will clump in well B
• Type AB will clump in both well
A&B
• Type O will NOT clump in A or B
• Rh+ will clump in Rh well
• What type of blood does this
person have?
Blood Typing Game
Blood Typing Review questions
1. Could two parents who are both Type B have a
Type O child? Type A child?
2. What type of Antibodies does a Type O person
make?
3. If two parents have a type O- baby and one parent
is A-, what Blood Types could the other parent be?
4. What possible blood types could heterozygous B –
and O+ (heterozygous for Rh) parents make and in
what %