Transcript Human Body Systems

The Immune System
 SC.912.L.14.52
Explain the basic functions of
the human immune system, including specific
and nonspecific immune response, vaccines,
and antibiotics. (MODERATE)
 HE.912.C.1.8 Analyze strategies for
prevention, detection and treatment of
communicable and chronic diseases.
BENCHMARK SC.912.L.14.52

Reporting Category Organisms, Populations, and Ecosystems

Standard
Standard 14 Organization and Development of Living Organisms

Benchmark
including
(Also assesses
SC.912.L.14.52 Explain the basic functions of the human immune system,
specific and nonspecific immune response, vaccines, and antibiotics.
SC.912.L.14.6, HE.912.C.1.4, and HE.912.C.1.8.)

Also Assesses
and
SC.912.L.14.6 Explain the significance of genetic factors, environmental factors,
pathogenic agents to health from the perspectives of both individual and public
health.
HE.912.C.1.4 Analyze how heredity and family history can impact personal
health.
HE.912.C.1.8 Analyze strategies for prevention, detection, and treatment of
communicable and chronic diseases.


Benchmark
Clarifications
and/or
and
health.
Students will identify and/or explain the basic functions of the human immune
system, including specific and nonspecific immune responses.
Students will describe how the human immune system responds to vaccines
antibiotics.
Students will explain the significance of genetic factors, environmental factors,
pathogenic agents to health from the perspective of both individual and public

Content Limits
Items assessing the significance of genetic factors, environmental factors, and
pathogenic agents to health are limited to a conceptual understanding.

Stimulus Attribute
Response Attributes
Prior Knowledge
NGSSS
SC.6.L.14.6,
Scenarios are limited to those commonly included in a biology course.
None specified
Items may require the student to apply scientific knowledge described in the
from lower grades. This benchmark requires prerequisite knowledge of
SC.6.E.7.8, SC.8.N.4.1, and SC.8.N.4.2.


Bell ringer
Osmosis Jones Vaccine Clip
 Immune
System is a body system that fights
infection & prevents illnesses
 Immunity:

the ability of the body to defend itself against
infectious agents, foreign cells, and abnormal body
cells (ex. cancer)
 1st

Broad, external defense


 2nd

“Walls and Moats”
skin & mucus membranes
Line: Nonspecific patrol
Broad, internal defense


 3rd

Line: barriers
“Patrolling soldiers”
phagocytes eating WBC’s
Line: Immune System
Specific, acquired immunity


Elite trained units
lymphocyte WBCs & antibodies

B & T cells
•Non-specific defense
•External barriers
•skin –physically blocks pathogens
• mucus membranes- traps particles
in nose and throat
•excretions
•sweat
•tears
•mucus
•stomach acids
•saliva (“lick your wounds”)
Lining of trachea:
ciliated cells &
mucus secreting
cells
2nd Line of Defense
Non-specific
Inflammatory reaction
Four
outward signs (redness, heat, swelling, &
pain)
Histamine is released which cause capillaries
to become enlarged
and more permeable
(causes redness,
swelling, pain)
White Blood cells
Non-specific (macrophage)
Pathogens, cancer cells, or foreign cells have protein
markers on surface (antigens) that activate the immune
system because foreign to body
Types of White Blood Cells
- all made in the bone marrow
- All called in after the non-specific WBCs
 B lymphocyte cells (mature in bone marrow)

produce antibodies that combine with antigens and target
particular pathogens
 Produce memory B cells

T
lymphocyte cells (mature in thymus gland)
directly destroy infected cells
 produce cytotoxic T cells, helper T cells, and memory T cells

 Active


Body creates an immune response after being
exposed to a pathogen or a vaccine
Memory cells are produced so this immunity lasts
(sometimes even a lifetime)
 Passive

Antibodies in breast milk or shots of antibodies
provide a temporary immune response
Different pathogen cause common infectious
diseases
•Antibiotics kill pathogens inside the body
•antibiotics cause pathogens to burst
•target on specific bacterium or fungus
•not effective against viruses
• antibiotic resistance issues
Antibiotics have killed the bottom cell by
weakening its cell wall and causing it to
burst. (colored TEM; magnification
55,000X
 Antibiotic
resistance can cause medicines to become
ineffective.
– Some bacteria in a population have genes that make
them immune to antibiotics.
– These bacteria spread the gene, making the antibiotics
useless.
A bacterium carries
genes for antibiotic
resistance on a plasmid.
A copy of the plasmid is transferred
through conjugation.
Resistance is quickly
spread through
many bacteria.

Vaccines also control pathogens and disease.
 given to prevent illness
 contain the antigen of a weakened pathogen
• Vaccination provides acquired immunity.
– stimulates a specific
Antigens in a vaccine
1
trigger an immune response,
immune response
and memory B cells are
memory B cells
made.
– causes memory
memory B cell is
cells to be produced
2 Astimulated
when the real
pathogen binds to it.
– allows immune
system to respond
quickly to infection
The B cell quickly activates
3
and makes antibodies that
– has such a fast
fight the pathogens before
you get sick.
response, a person
will not get sick
 Our
body releases histamine which makes
vessels leaky
 Histamine causes the mucus membranes of
the nose and eyes to release fluid as a
defense against pathogens

This produces cold-like symptoms
 With
anaphylatic shock, the capillaries
become so permeable that blood pressure
drops
 Additional
activities:

Malaria interactive game
Id agents of disease research activity

Antibodies Virtual Lab /
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