Transcript Immune System

The Immune System and Immunity
Biology EOC Review Webinar
SC.912.L.14.52
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SC.912.L.14.52 Explain the basic functions of the
human immune system, including specific and
nonspecific immune response, vaccines, and
antibiotics. (Level 2: Moderate Complexity)
SC.912.L.14.52 Explain the significance of genetic
factors, environmental factors, and pathogenic
agents to health from the perspectives of both
individual and public health.
BENCHMARK SC.912.L.14.52
Reporting Category
Organisms, Populations, and Ecosystems (40% of exam)
Standard Standard 14 Organization and Development of Living Organisms
Benchmark
SC.912.L.14.52 Explain the basic functions of the human immune system, including
specific and nonspecific immune response, vaccines, and antibiotics. (Also assesses
SC.912.L.14.6)
Also Assesses
SC.912.L.14.6 Explain the significance of genetic factors, environmental factors, and
pathogenic agents to health from the perspectives of both individual and public health.
Benchmark
Clarifications
Students will identify and/or explain the basic functions of the human immune
system, including specific and nonspecific immune responses.
Students will describe the basic functions of vaccines and/or antibiotics.
Students will explain the significance of genetic factors, environmental factors, and
pathogenic agents to health from the perspective of both individual and public health.
Content Limits
Items assessing the significance of genetic factors, environmental factors, and
pathogenic agents to health are limited to a conceptual understanding.
Items assessing the mode of action of antibiotics are limited to a conceptual
understanding and will not require knowledge regarding a specific antibiotic
Stimulus Attribute
Scenarios are limited to those commonly included in a biology course.
Response Attributes None specified
Prior Knowledge
Items may require the student to apply scientific knowledge described in the NGSSS
from lower grades. This benchmark requires prerequisite knowledge of SC.6.L.14.6,
SC.6.E.7.8, SC.8.N.4.1, and SC.8.N.4.2.
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The immune system / immunity is complex and difficult
for students to understand. Take particular care in
clarifying the many terms that students encounter on this
benchmark. Make sure students understand the
distinction between the following pairs of terms:
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Leukocytes and lymphocytes
Antigen, antibody, allergen and pathogen
B lymphocyte and T lymphocyte
Cytotoxic T cell and helper T cell
Misconception regarding vaccines and how they work
Misconception about antibiotics and their over usage
A fever is a sign of weak immune system
Stress doesn’t affect the immune system
Your immune system doesn’t age
Bell ringer / Engage
Osmosis Jones Vaccine Clip
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The Immune System is a body system that
fights infection & prevents illnesses
Immunity:
 the ability of the body to defend itself against
infectious agents, foreign cells, and abnormal
body cells (ex. cancer)
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1st Line: Barriers
 Broad, external defense
▪ “Walls and Moats”
▪ skin & mucus membranes
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2nd Line: Nonspecific patrol
 Broad, non-specific, internal defense
▪ “Patrolling soldiers”
▪ phagocytes eating WBC’s
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3rd Line: Immune System
 Specific, acquired immunity
▪ “Elite trained units”
▪ lymphocyte WBCs & antibodies
▪ B & T cells
•Non-specific defense
•External barriers
•skin –physically blocks pathogens
• mucus membranes- traps particles
in nose and throat
•excretions
•sweat
•tears
•mucus
•stomach acids
•saliva (“lick your wounds”)
Lining of trachea:
ciliated cells & mucus
secreting cells
2nd Line of Defense -Non-specific
Inflammatory reaction
Four outward signs (redness, heat, swelling, & pain)
Histamine is released which cause capillaries to
become enlarged
and more permeable
(causes redness, swelling, pain)
White Blood Cells
Non-specific (macrophage)
Pathogens, cancer cells, or foreign cells have protein markers on
surface (antigens) that activate the immune system to identify
foreign to body
Types of White Blood Cells
- all made in the bone marrow
- All called in after the non-specific WBCs
 B lymphocyte cells (mature in bone marrow)
▪ produce antibodies that combine with antigens and target
particular pathogens – “tagging”
▪ Produce memory B cells
 T lymphocyte cells (mature in thymus gland)
▪ directly destroy infected cells ex. cancer, viral infection
▪ produce cytotoxic T cells, helper T cells (“alarm” /
“conductor”), and memory T cells
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Figure 1. Helper T cells regulate both
humoral and cellular immunity
Figure 2. A cytotoxic T cell
attacking a host cell that is
expressing foreign antigens
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Active
 Body creates an immune response after being
exposed to a pathogen or a vaccine
 Memory cells are produced so this immunity
lasts (sometimes even a lifetime)
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Passive
 Antibodies in breast milk or shots of antibodies
provide a temporary immune response
Different pathogen cause common infectious
diseases
•Antibiotics kill pathogens inside the body
•antibiotics cause pathogens to burst
•target on specific bacterium or fungus
•not effective against viruses
• antibiotic resistance issues
Antibiotics have killed the bottom cell by
weakening its cell wall and causing it to
burst. (colored TEM; magnification
55,000X
Antibiotic resistance can cause medicines to
become ineffective.
– Some bacteria in a population have genes that make them immune to
antibiotics.
– These bacteria spread the gene, making the antibiotics useless.
– For example: Drug resistant Tuberculosis (TB) now in the news
A bacterium carries
genes for antibiotic
resistance on a plasmid.
A copy of the plasmid is transferred
through conjugation.
Resistance is quickly
spread through
many bacteria.
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Vaccines also control pathogens and disease.
 given to prevent illness
 contain the antigen of a weakened pathogen
Vaccination provides acquired immunity.
– stimulates a specific
immune response
– causes memory cells to be
produced
– allows immune system to
respond quickly to infection
– has such a fast response, a
person will not get sick
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memory B cells
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Antigens in a vaccine
trigger an immune response,
and memory B cells are
made.
A memory B cell is
stimulated when the real
pathogen binds to it.
The B cell quickly activates
and makes antibodies that
fight the pathogens before
you get sick.
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Vaccines are not safe.
Vaccines don’t work.
Vaccines are linked to chronic diseases.
Vaccines weaken the immune system.
Vaccines contain toxic substances.
Our body releases histamine
which makes vessels leaky
 Histamine causes the mucus
membranes of the nose and
eyes to release fluid as a
defense against pathogens
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 This produces cold-like symptoms
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With anaphylactic shock, the
capillaries become so
permeable that blood pressure
drops
HEREDITARY
ENVIRONMENTAL
ALLERGENS (Antigen)
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Post-Quiz – moderate to high complexity questions – see materials
(www.problem-attic.com)
A Case Study Involving Influenza and the Influenza Vaccine
Escambia County Site for Additional Videos - http://ecsdfl.schoolloop.com/l.14.52
Additional activities:
 Comprehensive Lesson Plan with Lab & Webquests (see materials)
 Immune Response Interactive Game
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http://www.nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/immuneresponses/game/index.html#/plot1
 Antibodies Virtual Lab /
 Immune Response Animation
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http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/sites/0072507470/student_view0/chapter22/animation__the_immune_response.html
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http://healthycanadians.gc.ca/health-sante/medicinemedicament/misconception-eng.php
http://www.meditrenz.com/busting-myths-about-the-immune-system.html
http://www.learner.org/courses/biology/textbook/hiv/hiv_3.html
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/immunology/v/helper-t-cells
http://www.nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/immuneresponseshttp://hig
hered.mcgrawhill.com/sites/0072507470/student_view0/chapter22/animation__the_immune_re
sponse.html
www.paec.org
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/bioterror/vaccines.html
/game/index.html#/plot1