Transcript Unit 08
Unit 8: Motivation, Emotion and Stress Unit 08 - Overview • • • • • • • • Motivational Concepts Hunger Motivation Sexual Motivation Social Motivation: Affiliation Needs Theories and Physiology of Emotion Expressed Emotion Stress and Health Stress and Illness Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that section in the presentation. Module 37: Motivational Concepts Introduction • Motivation Instincts and Evolutionary Psychology Instincts and Evolutionary Psychology • Instinct (fixed pattern) –Instincts in animals –Instincts in humans Drives and Motivations Drives and Motivations • Drive-reduction theory –Homeostasis –Need –Drive –Drive reduction Drives and Motivations • Drive-reduction theory –Homeostasis –Need –Drive –Drive reduction Drives and Motivations • Drive-reduction theory –Homeostasis –Need –Drive –Drive reduction Drives and Motivations • Incentive –Positive and negative Optimum Arousal Optimum Arousal • Arousal –Optimum level of arousal –Yerkes-Dodson Law A Hierarchy of Motives A Hierarchy of Motives • Maslow’s hierarchy of needs –Variations in the hierarchy A Hierarchy of Motives A Hierarchy of Motives A Hierarchy of Motives A Hierarchy of Motives A Hierarchy of Motives A Hierarchy of Motives A Hierarchy of Motives Motivational Theories Strengths and Weaknesses Motivational Theories Strengths and Weaknesses Motivational Theories Strengths and Weaknesses Motivational Theories Strengths and Weaknesses Motivational Theories Strengths and Weaknesses Motivational Theories Strengths and Weaknesses Motivational Theories Strengths and Weaknesses Motivational Theories Strengths and Weaknesses Motivational Theories Strengths and Weaknesses Motivational Theories Strengths and Weaknesses Motivational Theories Strengths and Weaknesses Motivational Theories Strengths and Weaknesses Motivational Theories Strengths and Weaknesses Module 38: Hunger Motivation The Physiology of Hunger The Physiology of Hunger • Contractions of the stomach –Washburn study The Physiology of Hunger Body Chemistry and the Brain • Glucose • Insulin • Hypothalamus –Lateral hypothalamus • orexin –Vetromedial hypothalamus The Physiology of Hunger Body Chemistry and the Brain • Appetite hormones –Ghrelin –Obestatin –PYY –Leptin • Set point • Basal metabolic rate The Physiology of Hunger Body Chemistry and the Brain The Psychology of Hunger The Psychology of Hunger Taste Preferences: Biology and Culture • Taste preferences –Genetic: sweet and salty –Neophobia –Adaptive taste preferences The Psychology of Hunger Taste Preferences: Biology and Culture The Psychology of Hunger Situational Influences on Eating • Do you eat more when eating with others? • Unit bias • Food variety Obesity and Weight Control Obesity and Weight Control • • • • The Physiology of Obesity Set point and metabolism The genetic factor The food and activity factors –Social influence Obesity and Weight Control Module 39: Sexual Motivation The Physiology of Sex The Physiology of Sex The Sexual Response Cycle • Sexual response cycle –Excitement phase –Plateau phase –Orgasm –Resolution phase • Refractory period The Physiology of Sex Sexual Dysfunctions and Paraphilias • Sexual Dysfunctions –Erectile disorder –Premature ejaculation –Female orgasmic disorder –Paraphilias • Exhibitionism, fetishism, pedophilia The Physiology of Sex Hormones and Sexual Behavior • Effects of hormones –Development of sexual characteristics –Activate sexual behavior • Estrogen • Testosterone The Psychology of Sex The Psychology of Sex • External stimuli • Imagined stimuli –Dreams –Sexual fantasies The Psychology of Sex The Psychology of Sex The Psychology of Sex The Psychology of Sex Module 40: Social Motivation: Affiliation Needs Introduction • Aristotle’s social animal • Need to belong – affiliation need The Benefits of Belonging The Benefits of Belonging • Enhanced survival • How belonging influences our thoughts and emotions • Attachment –Anxious attachment –Insecure avoidant attachment The Pain of Being Shut Out The Pain of Being Shut Out • • • • Ostracism Cyberostracism Anterior cingulate cortex Influences on behavior Connecting and Social Networking Connecting and Social Networking Mobile Networks and Social Media • Cell phones • Texting and email • Facebook and twitter Connecting and Social Networking The Social Effects of Social Networking • Have social networking sites made us more, or less, socially isolated? • Does electronic communication stimulate healthy self-disclosure? • Do social networking profiles and posts reflect people’s actual personalities? – Does social networking promote narcissism? Module 41: Theories and Physiology of Emotion Cognition and Emotion Cognition and Emotion • Emotions –Bodily arousal –Expressive behaviors –Conscious experience Cognition and Emotion Historical Emotion Theories • Common Sense theory • James-Lange theory • Cannon-Bard theory –Lower spine injuries –High spinal cord injury Cognition and Emotion Cognition Can Define Emotion: Schachter and Singer • Two-factor theory –Schachter-Singer –Spillover effect Cognition and Emotion Cognition May Not Proceed Emotion: Zajonc, LeDoux & Lazarus • Robert Zajonc • LeDoux’s high and low road Cognition and Emotion Cognition May Not Proceed Emotion: Zajonc, LeDoux & Lazarus • Lazarus Cognition and Emotion Cognition May Not Proceed Emotion: Zajonc, LeDoux & Lazarus • Lazarus Cognition and Emotion Cognition May Not Proceed Emotion: Zajonc, LeDoux & Lazarus • Lazarus Embodied Emotion Embodied Emotion Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous System • Autonomic nervous system –Sympathetic nervous system • arousing –Parasympathetic nervous system • Calming –Yerkes Dodson Law –Fight or flee Embodied Emotion Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous System Embodied Emotion Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous System Embodied Emotion Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous System Embodied Emotion The Physiology of Emotions • Insula • Brain circuits • Left frontal lobe Module 42: Expressed Emotion Detecting Emotion in Others Detecting Emotion in Others • Nonverbal cues –Duchenne smile Gender, Emotion, and Nonverbal Behavior Gender, Emotion, and Nonverbal Behavior Gender, Emotion, and Nonverbal Behavior Culture and Emotional Expression Culture and Emotional Expression Culture and Emotional Expression The Effects of Facial Expressions The Effects of Facial Expressions • Facial feedback effect • Health psychology Module 43: Stress and Health Stress: Some Basic Concepts Stress: Some Basic Concepts • Stress –Stress appraisal Stress: Some Basic Concepts Stressors – Things that Push Our Buttons • Catastrophes • Significant life changes • Daily hassles Stress: Some Basic Concepts The Stress Response System • Selye’s general adaptation syndrome (GAS) –Alarm –Resistance –Exhaustion • Tend-and-befriend Stress: Some Basic Concepts The Stress Response System General Adaptation Syndrome Stress: Some Basic Concepts The Stress Response System General Adaptation Syndrome Stress: Some Basic Concepts The Stress Response System General Adaptation Syndrome Stress: Some Basic Concepts The Stress Response System General Adaptation Syndrome Module 44: Stress and Illness Introduction • Psychophysiological illnesses • Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) –Lymphocytes • B lymphocytes • T lymphocytes • Macrophage • Natural killer cells (NK cells) Stress and Susceptibility to Disease Stress and Susceptibility to Disease • Stress and AIDS • Stress and Cancer • Stress and Heart Disease –Coronary heart disease –Type A –Type B Stress and Susceptibility to Disease Stress and Susceptibility to Disease Stress and Susceptibility to Disease The End Definition Slides Motivation = a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior. Instinct = a complex, unlearned behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species. Drive-Reduction Theory = the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need. Homeostasis = a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level. Incentive = a positive or negative environment stimulus that motivates behavior. Yerkes-Dodson Law = the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases. Hierarchy of Needs = Maslow’s pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active. Glucose = the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger. Set Point = the point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight. Basal Metabolic Rate = the body’s resting rate of energy expenditure. Sexual Response Cycle = the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson – excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution. Refractory Period = a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm. Sexual Dysfunction = a problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning. Estrogens = sex hormones, such as estradiol, secreted in greater amount by females than males and contributing to female sex characteristics. In nonhuman female mammals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity. Testosterone = the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty. Emotion = a response of the whole organism, involving • (1) physiological arousal, • (2) expressive behaviors, and • (3) conscious experience. James-Lange Theory = the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli. Cannon-Bard Theory = the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers • (1) physiological responses and • (2) the subjective experience of emotion. Two-Factor Theory = the Schachter-Singer theory that to experience emotion one must (1) by physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal. Polygraph = a machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measures several of the physiological responses (such as perspiration and cardiovascular and breathing changes) accompanying emotion. Facial Feedback Effect = the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, and happiness. Health Psychology = a subfield of psychology that provides psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine. Stress = the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging. General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) = Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress in three phases – alarm, resistance, exhausion. Tend-and-Befriend Response = under stress, people (especially women) often provide support to others (tend) and bond with and seek support from others (befriend). Psychophysiological Illness = literally, “mind-body” illness; any stressrelated physical illness, such as hypertension and some headaches. Psychoneuroimmunology = the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health. Lymphocytes = the two types of white blood cells that are part of the body’s immune system; B lymphocytes form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections; T lymphocytes form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances. Coronary Heart Disease = the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in many developed countries. Type A = Friedman and Rosenman’s term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people. Type B = Friedman and Rosenman’s term for easygoing, relaxed people.