Transcript Health Problems Most Impacted By Stress

Health Problems
Most Impacted
By Stress
By: Kimberly Stewart
Stress
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Definition
Stressors: Internal and External
Simply described as the body’s
reaction to any and all demands
that may be placed upon it.
Types of stress
• Acute Stress
• Short-term
• Fight or Flight
Response
• Not life
threatening
• Chronic Stress
• Constant
• One must try to
suppress the
Fight or Flight
response
• Can be life
threatening
Stress as an ongoing problem
• 1983, Time Magazine published a
cover story labeling stress as the
“Epidemic of the Eighties”.
• Stress has become even more
extensive today.
• Stress can lead to long-term health
problems and even lead to death.
Stress and the link to health
THE LINK
• WHO defines health as the presence of
well-being, physical, mental and social,
not as the absence of disease.
• Recent research has found that stress
contributes to 80% of all major illness and
disease.
• Stress can cause many health problems
and can affect all systems of the body.
Pathophysiology of stress
• CNS
• Fight or Flight response
• The “Information Superhighway”
• Limbic-hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal
systems (LHPA)
• The information is then relayed into
instructions in the form of chemical
messengers: neurotransmitters known
as catecholamines that trigger the
physiological response such as the
Acute Phase Response.
Pathophysiology of stress
• The LHPA axis represents how
stressors interact with various
centers in the brain and initiate the
production of various hormones
• Corticotrophin-releasing hormone
• Adrenocorticotrophin hormone
• Glucocorticoid Hormones: the primary
stress hormone- Cortisol
•LHPA axis dysfunctions can lead to
serious problems
Stress and your health
• LHPA dysfunctions can range from
moderate to serious medical conditions.
• The health problems most impacted
and researched due to stress:
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Immunosuppression
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
Hypertension
Diabetes
Metabolic Syndrome
The immune systems response
• Stress in excess will bring about GC
mediated immunosuppression mediated
by proinflammatory cytokines:
• interleukin-1
• interleukin-6
• Tumor necrosis factor alpha
• Decrease number of B-cells, T-cells and
NK cells
• The suppressed immune system will
enhance the body’s susceptibility to many
diseases.
Stress and Metabolic syndrome
• Today’s Life style changes
• Leading to more prevalence of
atherosclerotic vascular disease and
Metabolic Syndrome
• What is Metabolic Syndrome:
• Obesity, hyperinsulinemia, dislipidemia,
impaired glucose tolerance, and HTN.
Stress and Diabetes
• How stress affects diabetes
• The momentary and sustained
regulation of blood pressure and blood
glucose is regulated by the SNS
• Mental stress increases the release of
catecholamines from the SNS and
overtime excessive release may lead to
HTN and hyperglycemia.
Stress and CAD
• Associated with a proinflammatory state,
obesity, insulin-resistance, & diabetes will
increase the risk of developing CAD.
• 40-50% of patients DX with CAD have no
other risk factors associated with CAD
other than stress
• Traditional risk factors for CAD only
account for two thirds of the cases which
raises concern for the remaining one third
– Psychosocial factors?
Susceptibility to Stress
• While some handle stress well,
others are greatly impacted by it’s
negative affects on their mental,
physical and emotional health.
• Many factors influence one’s
susceptibility:
• Personality traits, Genetics, Immune
regulated diseases
• 2001 study reviewed by Nidus
Stress Management
• Not avoided but Managed
• Healthy Lifestyle, cognitive behavior
techniques, yoga, deep breathing, and
relaxation
• 2003 study Freeze Frame technique
• Study results showed a decrease in the
number of employees reporting any
stress symptoms dropped by 56%.
Physiology of Mind-Body medicine
• Concept of Mind-Body medicine
• Based on more than 2,000 scientific
research studies in the past 25 yrs.
• Paradigm of
psychoendoneruroimmunology
• New model of health care:
biopsychosocial model
Conclusion
• Even with today’s biomedical advances,
our victory over disease and illness is not
all from the direct result of these
advances.
• Research demonstrates that social and
psychological variables are linked to overall
health.
• Chances of improving health care is with a
new approach of patient centered care.
• Evidence proves that the stress response
does play a role in our overall health and
that prevention may be the best cure.
Test to gauge how stressed you
were with masters projects.
References
Balch, Phyllis A., Balch, J., The Prescription for Nutritional Healing, 3rd Edition.
www.choose-health.com/stress.html, 2005.
Baker, P. The inflammatory response is an integral part of the stress response:
Implications for atherosclerosis, insulin resistance, type II diabetes and
metabolic syndrome X. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 2003; 17: 350364.
Barnett, P., Jennings, J., Manuck, S., Spence, J. Psychological stress and the
progression of carotid artery disease. Journal of Hypertension1997; 15 (1): 49-55.
Blumenthal, J., Kaplan, J., Rozanski, A. Impact of Psychological Factors on the
Pathogenesis of Cardiovascular Disease and Implications for Therapy.
Clinical Cardiology; New Frontier1999; 99: 2192-2217.
ChildreD., Cryer B., McCraty R. Pull the Plug on Stress. Harvard Business
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Con, AH., Lenz JW., Linden, W., Individualized stress management for primary
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Hjemdahl, P. Stress and the Metabolic Syndrome: An interesting but Enigmatic
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Jacobs, Gregg. The Physiology of Mind-Body Interactions: The Stress Response
and The Relaxation Response. J. of Alternative and Complementary
Med 2001; 7: S83-S92.
References Con’t
Lozovaya N., Miller A. Chemical Neuroimmunology: Health in A Nutshell
Bidirectional Communication between Immune and Stress (LimbicHypothalmic-Pituitary-Adrenal) Systems. ChemBioChem 2003; 4: 466484.
Ray, Oakley. How the Mind Hurts and Heals the Body. American
Psychologist 2004a; 59 (1): 29-40.
Ray, Oakley. The Revolutionary Health Science of
Psychoendoneuroimmunology: A New Paradigm for Understanding
Health and Treating Illness. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 2004b; 1032: 35-51.
Scollan-Koliopoulos, Melissa. Managing Stress Response to Control
Hypertension in Type 2 Diabetes. The Nurse Practitioner 2005; 30 (2): 46-49.
Steptoe, A., Strike, P. Psychosocial Factors in the Development of Coronary
Artery Disease. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases 2004; 26 (4): 337-347.
Bibliography
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2005)
2. www.stress.org/problem.htm
(accessed October 1, 2005)
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www.healthdiscovery.com/centers/diabetes/ada/yourbody/st
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