Transcript Document

Health Psychology
Class 3
Physiology, Part II
Power Point Slides
http://nwkpsych.rutgers.edu/
~kharber/healthpsychology
High Five the Body!
What a piece of work is a
man, how noble in reason,
how infinite in faculties, in
form and moving how
express and admirable, in
action how like an angel, in
apprehension how like a god!
Hamlet Act 2 Scene 2, Wllm. Shakespeare
Respiratory System: Functions
1
Take in Oxygen
2
Expel CO2
3
Regulate relative composition of blood
Medulla regulates resp. system, responsive to blood
chemistry
Respiratory
System
From Air to Blood
Air
↓
Nose & Mouth
↓
pharynx & larynx
↓
trachea
↓
Primary bronchi
↓
Lungs
↓
secondary bronchi
↓
bronchioles
↓
alveolar ducts
↓
alveoli
↓
blood
Respiratory Disorders
Asphyxia: Too little Oxy, too much CO2
Anoxia: Insufficient Oxy.
Hyperventilation: Too much Oxy
Hay fever: foreign bodies (dust, pollen)  histamines  inflammation of
lung capillaries  fluids (mucus)  sneezing.
Asthma: triggers  contraction of muscles around air tubes  clogging
of air tubes  air intake. ALSO, inflammation  mucus
production  obstructs bronchioles  less Oxy and too much CO2.
Respiratory Disorders, cont.
Viral Infections: Common cold, influenza, bronchitis
Bacterial infections: Strep, whooping cough, diphtheria
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD):
Emphysema -- 4th deadliest disease
alveoli become inelastic—can’t exhale
Due mainly to smoking
Incurable
Chronic bronchitis
Pneumonia
Tuberculosis and Pleurisy
Failed Rx Compliance and
the Generation of “Super Bugs”
Poor compliance  production of hardier microbes 
production more powerful drugs  poor compliance:
Poor compliance  hardier microbes, etc.
Health psych issues:
a. Doctor/patient communication
b. Obstacles to compliance
Digestive
Tract
Mouth
(saliva  bolus)
↓
Esophagus
(peristalsis)
↓
Stomach
(pepsin, hydrochloric
acid)
↓
Duodenum
(carbs, proteins, fats)
↓
Jejunum
↓
Small intestine
↓
Large intestine
↓
Rectum
↓
Anus
Digestive Tract, Cont.
Vagus Nerve: gastric juices, stomach
Pancreas: enzymes to duodenum; insulin
Liver: bile, stored in gall bladder
Parasymp. NS speeds up/slows down metabolism?
Symp. NS speeds up/slows down metabolism?
X Symp is activated?
During stress, ___ Parasymp or ____
Disorders of the Digestive System
Intestines:
Gastroenteritis, diarrhea, dysentery
Stomach:
Gall Bladder:
Peptic ulcer: Stress aggravates, doesn’t
cause
Gall stones
Liver:
Hepatitis
Hep. A: Water/food borne
Hep. B: Blood borne (needles, sex)
Hep. C (blood transfusions)
Hep. D, E
Gut Feelings in the Desert:
Antoine De Saint Exupery and the Dragon Fly
I shaved carefully in a cracked mirror. From time to time I went
to the door and looked at the naked sand. … I was thoughtful.
… For the moment everything was all right. But I heard
something sizzling. It was a dragonfly knocking against the lamp.
Why it was I cannot say, but I felt a twinge in my heart.
I went outdoors and looked round. The air was pure. … Over
the desert reigned a vast silence as of a house in order. But
here were a green butterfly and two dragonflies knocking against
my lamp. Again I felt a dull ache which might as easily have
been joy as fear, but came up from the depths of me.
Saint Exupery in the Desert, continued
Something was calling to me from a great distance. Was it
instinct?
Once again I went out. The wind had died down completely. The
air was still cool. But I had received a warning. I guessed, I
believed I could guess, what I was expecting.
I climbed a dune and sat down face to the east. If I was right, the
thing would not be long in coming. What were they after here,
those dragonflies, hundreds of miles from their oases inland?
Saint Exupery in the Desert
Wreckage thrown up upon the beach bears witness to a
storm at sea. Even so did these insects declare to me that
a sand storm was on the way, a storm out of the east that
had blown them out of their oases.
Solemnly, for it was fraught with danger, the east wind
rose. … But that was not what excited. What filled me
with a barbaric joy was …that I had been able to read the
anger of the desert in the beating wings of a dragonfly.
St. Exupery, A. (1939). Wind, sand, and stars.
Brain in Gut
(aka Neurogastroenterology)
1. More neurons than spinal cord
2. Fibers non-mylinated—like in big brain
3. Bathed in same neurochemicals as big brain
4. Suffers damage to big-brain diseases
5. Responsive to psychotropic drugs
Are “Gut Feelings” Real?
1. Big brain and gut brain communicate
2. Stressful event #1: Big brain stores threat in “emotion
memory”
3. Stressful event #2: Limbic system responds, sends signal to
gut. Gut may get signal before cortex.
4. Result—gut feeling
Renal System
Anatomy: Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
Function: Rid body of waste fluids
Chemical balances in blood
Nephrons: Filters in kidneys
Disorders: Urinary tract infections
Nephritis: kidneys inflamed
Kidney failure: Deadly
Genetics, Health, and Psychology
Many serious illnesses are hereditary:
Cystic Fibrosis
Lou Gehrig’s Disease (ALS)
Down Syndrome
Tay-Sach’s Disease
Ethical Issues: Tell / Don’t tell person if they have gene.
Psychological contribution: Genetic counseling
* At-risk pregnancies
* Dramatic precautions (e.g., preventive hysterectomy)
Transmission of Disease
Direct transmission
Indirect transmission
Biological
Mechanical
Course of Infection
Incubation
Non-specific Symptoms
Acute Phase
Infection Types
Localized: Remain at site—don’t spread
Focal: Contracted at site but spreads
Systemic: Affects multiple areas at once
Immunity
Defined: Body’s defenses against invading organisms.
Natural Immunity: Breast feeding, disease encounters
Artificial Immunity: vaccinations, inoculations
Non-specific immunity
1. Anatomical barriers
2. Phagocytosis
3. Anti-microbial substances (interferon, e.g.)
4. Inflammatory responses (histamines)
Specific immunity
1. Dedicated to fighting specific microorganisms
2. Acquired via previous infection
3. Mechanism: antigen/anti-body reaction
Immunologic Defense
Defense 1
Mechanical
Antigen
enters body
Coughing, sneezing
Defense 2
Humoral
Phagocytes absorb
antigens
(phagocytocis)
B cells: Mature
Memory
Defense 3
Cell-Mediated
macrophage signals
to TH cells
TH cells signal to TC
cells, B cells, natural
killer (NK) cells.
TC cells, B cells,
natural killer (NK)
cells attack antigen.
Diseases of the Immune System
AIDS: Retards T-cell production
Cancer: Uncontrolled cell growth.
Autoimmune diseases: immune system attacks healthy tissue.
a. Triggered by bacterial infection
b. Aggravated by stress
c. Examples: MS, Lupus
Immunity
Defined: Body’s defenses against invading organisms.
Natural Immunity: Breast feeding, disease encounters
Artificial Immunity: vaccinations, inoculations
Non-specific immunity
1. Anatomical barriers
2. Phagocytosis
3. Anti-microbial substances (interferon, e.g.)
4. Inflammatory responses (histamines)
Specific immunity
1. Dedicated to fighting specific microorganisms
2. Acquired via previous infection
3. Mechanism: antigen/anti-body reaction
Immunologic Defense
Non-Specific
Anatomical Barriers (skin, mucous membranes)
Mechanical (coughing, sneezing)
Phagocytosis
White blood cell
(macrophage) attacking
anthrax bacilli (in orange)
Antimicrobial
Inflamatory Response
Specific
Humoral: B Cells (memory, mature) -> antibodies (faster)
Cell-Mediated:
Macrophage -> TH --> Tc, B, NK->TH -> Stops reaction (slower)
Diseases of the Immune System
AIDS: Retards T-cell production
Cancer: Uncontrolled cell growth.
Autoimmune diseases: immune system attacks healthy tissue.
a. Triggered by bacterial infection, mimics legit. substances
b. Aggravated by stress
c. Examples: MS, Lupus, arthritis