Transcript Perspective Chart

Perspective Time
Focus
Period
People
Key Ideas
Greeks- reliance on observation
 Copernicus and Galilei- experimentation
through observation
 Descartes- link between mind and body (not
dualism)
 19th century- cells as the building blocks of
life
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Marmaduke Samson
and phrenology
Examining bumps on
a person’s skull to
determine intelligence
and character traits
(mid 1800s)
Perspective Time
Focus
Period
People
Key Ideas
Structuralism
William WundtFirst Psych.
Laboratory
(Leipzig, Switz.)
Introspectionself report of
thoughts and
feelings
1879
The basic
elements that
make up
conscious
mental
experiences
Wilhelm Wundt- Structuralism
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Father of Psychology
Reading all of his work has
been estimated to take two
and a half years if one was
to read 60 pages a day
Also published four books in
philosophy! At this time,
psychology was not
considered something
separate from philosophy. In
fact, Wundt rejected the idea
when someone suggested it
to him.
Perspective Time
Focus
Period
People
Key Ideas
Structuralism
1879
The basic
elements that
make up
conscious
mental
experiences
William WundtFirst Psych.
Laboratory
(Leipzig, Switz.)
Introspectionself report of
thoughts and
feelings
Functionalism
1890
The function
(rather than the
structure) of
consciousness
William JamesFirst
Psychological
Textbook
Adaptation to
the
Environment
William James- Functionalism
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Battled depression and
suicidal thoughts
Also studied religious
experiences
Theory of Emotionemotion is the mind's
perception of
physiological conditions
(smile so feel happy)
Perspective Time
Focus
Period
People
Key Ideas
Structuralism
1879
The basic
elements that
make up
conscious
mental
experiences
William WundtFirst Psych.
Laboratory
(Leipzig, Switz.)
Introspectionself report of
thoughts and
feelings
Functionalism
1890
The function
(rather than the
structure) of
consciousness
William JamesFirst
Psychological
Textbook
Adaptation to
the
Environment
Inheritable
Traits
Late
1800sEarly
1900s
Heredity
Sir Francis
Galton
Intelligence
runs in
families
Sir Francis Galton- Heritability
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Half-Cousin of Charles
Darwin
Reading by the age of 2, at
age 5 he knew some Greek
and Latin
Prepared the first weather
map published in the NY
Times in 1875
Invented the term eugenics
Perspective Time
Focus
Period
People
Key Ideas
Structuralism
1879
The basic
elements that
make up
conscious
mental
experiences
William WundtFirst Psych.
Laboratory
(Leipzig, Switz.)
Introspectionself report of
thoughts and
feelings
Functionalism
1890
The function
(rather than the
structure) of
consciousness
William JamesFirst
Psychological
Textbook
Adaptation to
the
Environment
Inheritable
Traits
Late
1800sEarly
1900s
Heredity
Sir Francis
Galton
Intelligence
runs in
families
Gestalt
Psychology
Early
1900s
Perception is
more than the
sum of its parts
Kohler, Kofka
“whole
pattern”
Gestalt Psychology
Perspectiv
e
Time
Period
Focus
People
Psychoanalytic
Early
1900s
Unconscious
Sigmund
motivations
Freud
influence behavior
Key Terms
Free association
Dream Analysis
Case Studies
Sigmund Freud- Psychoanalysis
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First of eight children ; his parents
favored him over his siblings from
the early stages of his childhood
“What progress we are making. In
the Middle Ages they would have
burned me. Now they are content
with burning my books”
All of his many sisters would perish
in The Holocaust
Card-playing friend who became a
Nazi official helped him and his
immediate family leave Austria
safely
Perspectiv
e
Time
Period
Focus
People
Key Terms
Psychoanalytic
Early
1900s
Unconscious
Sigmund
motivations
Freud
influence behavior
Free association
Dream Analysis
Case Studies
Behavioral
Early-Mid
1900s
Events in the
Ivan Pavlov
environment
John
influence behavior Watson
(founder)
B.F. Skinner
Observable
Classical
Conditioning
Operant Cond.
Behaviorism- Ivan Pavlov (Classical Cond.)
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Awarded the Nobel Prize in
1904 for research pertaining
to the digestive system
Conscious until his very last
moment, Pavlov asked one
of his students to sit beside
his bed and to record the
circumstances of his dying.
He wanted to create unique
evidence of subjective
experiences of this terminal
phase of life.
Behaviorism- John Watson
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Conducted the controversial Little
Albert experiment
“Give me a dozen healthy infants,
well-formed, and my own specified
world to bring them up in and I'll
guarantee to take any one at
random and train him to become
any type of specialist I might select
– doctor, lawyer, artist, merchantchief and, yes, even beggar-man
and thief, regardless of his talents,
penchants, tendencies, abilities,
vocations, and race of his
ancestors.”
Left Johns-Hopkins after having an
affair w/ assistant
“Coffee break”
Behaviorism- B.F. Skinner (Operant Cond.)
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Invented “Skinner
boxes” to help study
operant conditioning
Invented the air-crib an
easily-cleaned,
temperature and
humidity-controlled box
to assist in the raising of
babies.
Perspectiv
e
Time
Period
Focus
People
Key Terms
Psychoanalytic
Early
1900s
Unconscious
motivations
influence
behavior
Sigmund
Freud
Free association
Dream Analysis
Case Studies
Behavioral
Early-Mid
1900s
Events in the
environment
influence
behavior
Ivan Pavlov
John Watson
(founder)
B.F. Skinner
Observable
Classical
Conditioning
Operant Cond.
Humanistic
Late
1900s
Individual / selfdirected choices
influence
behavior
Abraham
Maslow
Carl Rogers
Personal Growth
Potential
Humanism- Abraham Maslow
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“Hierarchy of Needs”
His parents were
uneducated Jewish
immigrants from Russia
Carl Rogers- Humanism
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Originally studied for the
ministry
Believes that all creatures
strive to make the very best
of their existence.
Some of his earliest
examples, include seaweed
and mushrooms.
Best known for his
contributions to therapyclient-centered/reflective
Perspectiv
e
Time
Period
Focus
People
Key Terms
Psychoanalytic
Early
1900s
Unconscious
Sigmund
motivations
Freud
influence behavior
Free association
Dream Analysis
Case Studies
Behavioral
Early-Mid
1900s
Events in the
Ivan Pavlov
environment
John
influence behavior Watson
(founder)
B.F. Skinner
Observable
Classical
Conditioning
Operant Cond.
Humanistic
Late
1900s
Individual / selfAbraham
Personal Growth
directed choices
Maslow
Potential
influence behavior Carl Rogers
Cognitive
Late
1900s
How we process, Jean Piaget
store, and retrieve Noam
information
Chomsky
influences our
behavior
Language
Problem Solving
Creativity
Thinking
Cognitive- Jean Piaget
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“Only education is
capable of saving our
societies from possible
collapse, whether
violent, or gradual”
Teacher- noticed young
children's cognitive
processes are inherently
different from those of
adults
Cognitive- Noam Chomsky
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Advocated an innate set of
linguistic principles shared
by all humans known as
universal grammar and the
theory of generative
grammar
Jewish, born in 1928 in
Pennsylvania to parents from
East Europe
Has received death threats
because of his criticisms of
US foreign policy – on the
Unabomber's list
Still alive
Perspectiv
e
Time
Period
Focus
People
Key Terms
Biological/Neur 1980s
ological
and
beyond
Biological Factors Neuroscient PET Scans
influence behavior ists
CAT Scans
Twin Studies
Socio-Cultural
Ethnicity, gender,
culture, and
economic status
influence behavior
Recent
Belief systems
Immigration
BIOLOGICAL