Transcript Wade Chapter 8 Learning

Learning
Principles and Applications
Chapter 9 Section 1:
Classical Conditioning
Psychology 101
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Learning Objectives:
Describe the principles of classical
conditioning
Outline the techniques of classical
conditioning
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Defining Learning
Learning refers to the relatively
permanent change in behavior (or
potential for behavior) brought
about by experience, provided that
the change cannot be explained on
the basis of a simpler cause (e.g.,
native response tendencies,
maturation, or temporary states
such as fatigue, drugs, etc.).
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Conditioning
Conditioning involves forming
associations between environmental
stimuli and responses:
Two types of conditioning are:
Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
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New Reflexes from Old
Pavlov was the first to describe and
document the form of learning we now
call classical conditioning.
Learning with classical conditioning
occurs when a neutral stimulus is
regularly paired with an Unconditioned
Stimulus(US) than elicits a conditioned
response (CR) that is similar to the
original, unlearned one.
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Classical Conditioning Defined
Classical Conditioning is the
process by which a previously
neutral stimulus acquires the
capacity to elicit a response
through association with a
stimulus that already elicits a
similar or related response
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Pavlov’s Apparatus
Harness and fistula (mouth tube) help keep
dog in a consistent position and gather
uncontaminated saliva samples
They do not cause the dog discomfort
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Principles of Classical Conditioning
Acquisition
Extinction
Spontaneous Recovery
Generalization
Discrimination
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Principles of Classical Conditioning
Acquisition
Acquiring the conditioned response
occurs gradually
With each pairing of the conditioned
response and the unconditioned stimulus,
the conditioned response is strengthened.
Timing: Presenting the CS about ½
second before the US yields the strongest
associations
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Principles of Classical Conditioning
Extinction
If, after conditioning, the conditioned
stimulus is repeatedly present without
the unconditioned stimulus, the
conditioned response will eventually
disappear.
Extinction is the weakening and
eventual disappearance of a learned
response in classical conditioning. It
occurs when the conditioned stimulus is
no longer paired with the unconditioned
stimulus
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Principles of Classical Conditioning
Spontaneous Recovery
Once a CR is extinguished, it does NOT
mean that it is completely unlearned.
Spontaneous Recovery: After a period
of time, the CR may reappear when the
CS is presented again without the US
Note that the CR does not return to full
strength
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Acquisition and Extinction
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Extinction Curve
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Spontaneous Recovery
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Principles of Classical Conditioning
Stimulus Generalization
Stimulus Generalization
After conditioning, the tendency to
respond to a stimulus that resembles
one involved in the original
conditioning
In classical conditioning, it occurs
when a stimulus that resembles the
Conditioned Stimulus (CS) elicits the
Conditioned Response (CR)
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Principles of Classical Conditioning
Stimulus Discrimination
Stimulus Discrimination
The tendency to respond
differently to two or more similar
stimuli; in classical conditioning,
it occurs when a stimulus similar
to the Conditioned Stimulus fails
to evoke the Conditioned
Response.
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Stimulus Generalization and
Discrimination
Pavlov conditioned a dog to salivate at
the sight of a circle (CS)
The dog also salivated to an oval
Dog eventually learned to salivate to
the circle and not the oval. How do you
think this happened?
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What is Actually Learned in Classical
Conditioning
For effective conditioning to occur,
it is not enough to pair the stimuli
The neutral stimulus must reliably
signal the unconditioned one.
Because real life is anything but
consistent, conditioning is less
certain in everyday life.
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Classical-conditioning terms can be hard to learn, so
let’s practice:
Name the unconditioned stimulus,
unconditioned response, neutral stimulus,
conditioned stimulus, and conditioned
response in this situation.
Five-year-old Samantha is watching a storm
from her window. A huge bolt of lightning is
followed by a tremendous thunderclap, and
Samantha jumps at the noise. This happens
several more times. There is a brief lull and
then another lightning bolt. Samantha
jumps in response to the bolt.
US ___________
UR ___________
NS ___________
CS ___________
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CR ___________
Classical-conditioning terms can be hard to learn, so
be sure to take this quiz before going on.
Name the unconditioned stimulus,
unconditioned response, neutral stimulus,
conditioned stimulus, and conditioned
response in this situation.
Gregory’s mouth waters whenever he eats
anything with lemon in it. One day, while
reading an ad that shows a big glass of
lemonade, Gregory notices his mouth
watering.
US ___________
UR ___________
NS ___________
CS ___________
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CR ___________
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Classical Conditioning in the
Real World
John Watson
John Watson Was One of the Pioneers
and the First to Recognize the
Implications of Pavlovian Theory in Real
Life.
Watson Founded the American
Behaviorism and Promoted Pavlovian
Ideas Particularly in the Areas of
Advertisement.
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Watson’s Extreme
Environmentalism
“Give me a dozen healthy infants, wellformed, and my own special world to bring
them up in, and I’ll guarantee to take any
one at random and train him to be any
type of specialist I might select - doctor,
lawyer, artist, merchant-chief, and yes,
beggar-man and thief, regardless of his
talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities,
vocations, and race of his ancestors.”
John Broadus Watson, 1928
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Learning to Like
Madison Avenue has made excellent use of the
principles classical conditioning.
For example, Gorn (1982) discusses an
experiment where two groups of students
were shown one or two slides of a beige or
blue pen. The blue pen was associated with a
popular modern song while the beige pen was
paired with more traditional Indian music.
When asked to express their preference, more
than 3/4s of the student selected the blue
pen. Why?
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Learning to Fear
Just as positive association can be
established using classical conditioning,
negative associations can also be
formed.
Watson and Rosalie Rayner (1920)
deliberately establishing a rat phobia in
an 11-month-old boy named Albert to
demonstrate how we learn to fear.
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In Summary
Classical Conditioning helps animals and
humans predict what is going to
happen.
Can you predict the following?
Sample One
Sample Two
Sample Three
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