Transcript E3 Innate and Learned Behavior

OPTION E
E3
INNATE AND LEARNED
BEHAVIOR
ANIMAL BEHAVIOR
 Behavior
– an animal’s response to stimuli in its
environment

capacity for behavior is

Learning involves persistent changes in behavior that
result from experience
 Most
behavior is

Behavioral ecology (
) is the study of

Natural selection tends to favor behaviors that contribute
to the survival of an animal allowing it to pass its genes to
its offspring
 Behavior depends on
the interaction of genes
and environmental factors


All behavior has a genetic basis, the capacity to
learn is inherited
Behavior involves all body systems, but depends
primarily on
Behaviors are influenced by the


human baby cannot walk until muscles and neurons
are sufficiently developed)
Behaviors are influenced by


a young sparrow is hatched with a rough genetic
pattern of its song but requires social interaction and
listening to adult males to develop its ability to sing
its specific song)
E3.1 DISTINGUISH BETWEEN INNATE AND LEARNED
BEHAVIOR.
Innate Behavior
 Instinctive – ___________ based
 Not modified by the individual
 _________ through population
 Unaffected by environment
 ___________________ are
product of natural selection
 e.g. suckling in newborns
__________ of blackcaps
hunting instinct
Learned Behavior
 Based on ____________
 Modified by trial and error
 _________ within population
 Affected by environment
 __________________ may be
product of natural selection
 e.g. __________
response to predators
INNATE BEHAVIOR
 Many
behaviors depend on
(example – walking in newborn
gazelles)

Fixed Action Pattern (FAP) –
INNATE BEHAVIOR

Example:
 Egg-rolling in European graylag goose – when an egg
is removed from nest and placed in front of goose, she
will reach out with her neck and roll egg back into
nest. If egg is quickly removed during egg-rolling,
goose will continue head and neck movements even
though egg is gone
INNATE BEHAVIOR
• FAPs can be triggered by a
– a simple signal that
o ex: male stickleback fish aggressive response to
red stripe
Male will ignore the
realistic looking fish
with no stripe but
attack the blobs with
red bellies
LEARNED BEHAVIOR
 Animals
learn from experience – Learning
is a change in behavior due to experience

Habituation –

ex: pigeons in a city park learn by repeated harmless
encounters that humans are not dangerous and don’t
waste energy constantly flying away
LEARNED BEHAVIOR

Imprinting –
newly hatched birds imprint on the first moving object
(even a human or inanimate object) – usually object is
their mother
 Process of imprinting is genetically determined but the
bird learns to respond to a particular animal or object

 Konrad
Lorenz demonstrated imprinting in
graylag geese:

He divided a batch of eggs into two groups:
1. One group was reared normally by the mother and
showed normal behavior (following mother around
for food, shelter and protection)
2. The other batch was isolated from mother and
hatched in an incubator
 Goslings spent the first few hours after hatching
with Lorenz
 Imprinting occurred and gosling treated Lorenz as
their mother
 These goslings became socially dysfunctional in
adult life – they continued to prefer Lorenz to
other geese and even attempted to mate with
humans
E3.2 DESIGN EXPERIMENTS TO INVESTIGATE INNATE
BEHAVIOR IN INVERTEBRATES, INCLUDING EITHER A TAXIS
OR A KINESIS.
TAXI
S


Plural, _________
An innate ____________ movement __________
(positive) or ________________ (negative) some
stimulus.
E3.2 DESIGN EXPERIMENTS TO INVESTIGATE INNATE
BEHAVIOR IN INVERTEBRATES, INCLUDING EITHER A TAXIS
OR A KINESIS.
TAXI
S

___________ are model species for innate behavior studies:
ex: positive _________ = move toward warmer areas of water
positive _________ = move toward acids released by
bacteria (their food)
negative _________ = avoid high concentrations of
harmful chemicals
E3.2 DESIGN EXPERIMENTS TO INVESTIGATE INNATE
BEHAVIOR IN INVERTEBRATES, INCLUDING EITHER A TAXIS
OR A KINESIS.
KINESIS
Plural, ________
 An innate ______________ movement in response
to a stimulus.
 May be merely starting or stopping, changing _____,
or __________ more or less frequently.
 Animals do not move toward or away from specific
conditions, but since they slow down in a favorable
environment, they tend to stay there

E3.2 DESIGN EXPERIMENTS TO INVESTIGATE INNATE
BEHAVIOR IN INVERTEBRATES, INCLUDING EITHER A TAXIS
OR A KINESIS.
KINESIS

_______________ in pillbugs (Porcello scaber)
 ______________________ altered as response to stimulus
 ___________ of testing chamber is adjusted and behavior
is measured
 Floor of chamber has ______
 Movement is video recorded for __________________
E3.2 DESIGN EXPERIMENTS TO INVESTIGATE INNATE
BEHAVIOR IN INVERTEBRATES, INCLUDING EITHER A TAXIS
OR A KINESIS.
KINESIS

Orthokinesis in pillbugs (Porcello scaber)
 Video played back, with ______________________
counted as movement in the time period
 ______________________ calculated as number of
squares crossed per second (mean of six runs)
E3.2 DESIGN EXPERIMENTS TO INVESTIGATE INNATE
BEHAVIOR IN INVERTEBRATES, INCLUDING EITHER A TAXIS
OR A KINESIS.
KINESIS

_______________ in pillbugs (Porcello scaber)
 ________________ altered as response to stimulus
 Same as orthokinesis, but with ______________ per
unit time as the basis for calculation
E3.3 ANALYZE DATA FROM INVERTEBRATE BEHAVIOR
EXPERIMENTS IN TERMS OF THE EFFECT ON CHANCES
OF SURVIVAL AND REPRODUCTION.
In this investigation, pillbugs (P. scaber) were given a
choice chamber test.
 One chamber contained _______ filter paper, the other
_____.

E3.3 ANALYZE DATA FROM INVERTEBRATE BEHAVIOR
EXPERIMENTS IN TERMS OF THE EFFECT ON CHANCES
OF SURVIVAL AND REPRODUCTION.
In the sample data, the overall movement of pillbugs is to
the __________ chamber. When the experiment is
repeated, results are consistent.
 Those innate behaviors that are ________ (such as finding
moisture) give an individual a ________ and ___________
advantage.
 As innate behaviors
are genetic, they are
______________, and
proliferate in the
population.

E3.4 DISCUSS HOW THE PROCESS OF LEARNING CAN
IMPROVE THE CHANCE OF SURVIVAL.
 Innate behaviors are inherited from parents as _____. They
develop by __________________ and thus are suited to better
adapted species to its environment. Therefore, they
increase an animal’s chances for survival.
 Learned behaviors develop as a result of __________. They
enable animals to _________ their behaviors in response to
changing environmental conditions. This increases the
chance of survival by learning new behavioral patterns.
While learned behavior itself is not passed on through
genetics, the ____________________ may be.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cpgCQj-sgqk&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bXQAgzfwuNQ The intelligence of crow
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nh9XL08Akwc Chimpanzee tool use
E3.5 OUTLINE PAVLOV’S EXPERIMENTS INTO
CONDITIONING OF DOGS.
E3.5 OUTLINE PAVLOV’S EXPERIMENTS INTO
CONDITIONING OF DOGS.
___________________ is a method of associative learning.
 Ivan Pavlov trained dogs to _____________________ to a
stimulus, based on the dogs’ expected outcomes of the
behavior.
 Classical conditioning results in an ___________________
to a stimulus (e.g. a bell ring)

E3.5 OUTLINE PAVLOV’S EXPERIMENTS INTO
CONDITIONING OF DOGS.
E3.5 OUTLINE PAVLOV’S EXPERIMENTS INTO
CONDITIONING OF DOGS.
______________________
- automatic response to a stimulus (i.e. food causes salivation)
 _______________________
- does not elicit response (i.e. bell does not cause salivation)
 _______________________
- neutral and unconditioned
stimuli applied together
(i.e. dog associates bell with
food, and salivates)
 _______________________
_______________________
- Ringing the bell results in
salivation, even without food present.

E3.5 OUTLINE PAVLOV’S EXPERIMENTS INTO
CONDITIONING OF DOGS.
______________________ is another conditioning method
proposed by BF Skinner
 _______________________: Reward desired behavior

Ex: A rat is placed in a
cage with a moveable
bar. Random actions
of rat result in it
pressing the bar & rat
receives food. Rat
learns the association
between pressing bar
and obtaining food.
E3.5 OUTLINE PAVLOV’S EXPERIMENTS INTO
CONDITIONING OF DOGS.

: Reward a desired
behavior by taking away a negative stimulus
Ex: Electric shock in
floor is turned off by
rat hitting lever.
Random actions of rat
lead rat to hit lever,
turning off shock. Rat
learns to hit lever right
away.
OTHER LEARNED BEHAVIORS
Insight learning –


Most
– seen in primates
and some birds and other mammals
also known as “
”
Playing – many young animals “play”, which
E3.6 OUTLINE THE ROLE OF INHERITANCE AND
LEARNING IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF BIRDSONG IN
YOUNG BIRDS.
Birdsong is a strong indicator of _____________________.
 Birdsong development is due to both _________ and
___________ behavior.
 This leads to ____________________ – usually the female
selects mates based on their perceived levels of
reproductive fitness.
 The basis of much birdsong is ___________, though needs
to be refined with learning.
 Example: _______________ ability to mimic any sound in
its environment

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VjE0Kdfos4Y The amazing lyre bird
E3.6 OUTLINE THE ROLE OF INHERITANCE AND
LEARNING IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF BIRDSONG IN
YOUNG BIRDS.
Bird usually hatch with a ____________
_________ that prevents them from
learning from the wrong species.
 _____________ takes place in the
sensitive period early in the
development (__________ learning).
 By listening and practicing the calls
of the adult birds, the chick modifies
its song to “______”.
 One reason why captive birds are
not reproductively successful in the
wild is that they ___________________
with the correct mature song.
