Transcript E3 Innate and Learned Behavior

OPTION E
E3
INNATE AND LEARNED BEHAVIOR
E3.1 DISTINGUISH BETWEEN INNATE AND LEARNED
BEHAVIOR.
Innate Behavior
 Instinctive – genetically based
 Not modified by the individual
 Uniform through population
 Unaffected by environment
 Beneficial behaviors are
product of natural selection
 e.g. suckling in newborns
migration of blackcaps
hunting instinct
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5G6ZR5lJgTI
Human facial expressions
Learned Behavior
 Based on experience
 Modified by trial and error
 Variation within population
 Affected by environment
 Capacity to learn may be
product of natural selection
 e.g. foraging
response to predators
E3.2 DESIGN EXPERIMENTS TO INVESTIGATE INNATE
BEHAVIOR IN INVERTEBRATES, INCLUDING EITHER A TAXIS
OR A KINESIS.
TAXI
S


Plural, taxes
An innate directional movement toward (positive)
or away from (negative) some stimulus.
E3.2 DESIGN EXPERIMENTS TO INVESTIGATE INNATE
BEHAVIOR IN INVERTEBRATES, INCLUDING EITHER A TAXIS
OR A KINESIS.
TAXI
S

Paramecia are model species for innate behavior studies:
ex: positive thermotaxis = move toward warmer areas of water
positive chemotaxis = move toward acids released by
bacteria (their food)
negative chemotaxis = avoid high concentrations of
harmful chemicals
E3.2 DESIGN EXPERIMENTS TO INVESTIGATE INNATE
BEHAVIOR IN INVERTEBRATES, INCLUDING EITHER A TAXIS
OR A KINESIS.
KINESIS
Plural, kineses
 An innate nondirectional movement in response to
a stimulus.
 May be merely starting or stopping, changing speed,
or turning more or less frequently.

E3.2 DESIGN EXPERIMENTS TO INVESTIGATE INNATE
BEHAVIOR IN INVERTEBRATES, INCLUDING EITHER A TAXIS
OR A KINESIS.
KINESIS

Orthokinesis in pillbugs (Porcello scaber)
 Speed of movement altered as response to stimulus
 Temperature of testing chamber is adjusted and
behavior is measured
 Floor of chamber has grid
 Movement is video recorded for controlled time
E3.2 DESIGN EXPERIMENTS TO INVESTIGATE INNATE
BEHAVIOR IN INVERTEBRATES, INCLUDING EITHER A TAXIS
OR A KINESIS.
KINESIS

Orthokinesis in pillbugs (Porcello scaber)
 Video played back, with number of squares crossed
counted as movement in the time period
 Orthokinetic value calculated as number of squares
crossed per second (mean of six runs)
E3.2 DESIGN EXPERIMENTS TO INVESTIGATE INNATE
BEHAVIOR IN INVERTEBRATES, INCLUDING EITHER A TAXIS
OR A KINESIS.
KINESIS

Klinokinesis in pillbugs (Porcello scaber)
 Rate of turning altered as response to stimulus
 Same as orthokinesis, but with number of turns per
unit time as the basis for calculation
E3.3 ANALYZE DATA FROM INVERTEBRATE BEHAVIOR
EXPERIMENTS IN TERMS OF THE EFFECT ON CHANCES
OF SURVIVAL AND REPRODUCTION.
In this investigation, pillbugs (P. scaber) were given a
choice chamber test.
 One chamber contained moist filter paper, the other dry.

E3.3 ANALYZE DATA FROM INVERTEBRATE BEHAVIOR
EXPERIMENTS IN TERMS OF THE EFFECT ON CHANCES
OF SURVIVAL AND REPRODUCTION.
In the sample data, the overall movement of pillbugs to
the moist chamber. When the experiment is repeated,
results are consistent.
 Those innate behaviors that are favorable (such as finding
moisture) give an individual a survival and reproductive
advantage.
 As innate behaviors
are genetic, they are
passed on, and
proliferate in the
population.

E3.4 DISCUSS HOW THE PROCESS OF LEARNING CAN
IMPROVE THE CHANCE OF SURVIVAL.
 Innate behaviors are inherited from parents as genes. They
develop by natural selection and thus are suited to better
adapted species to its environment. Therefore, they
increase an animal’s chances for survival.
 Learned behaviors develop as a result of experience. They
enable animals to change their behaviors in response to
changing environmental conditions. This increases the
chance of survival by learning new behavioral patterns.
While learned behavior itself is not passed on through
genetics, the ability to learn may be.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cpgCQj-sgqk&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bXQAgzfwuNQ The intelligence of crow
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nh9XL08Akwc Chimpanzee tool use
E3.5 OUTLINE PAVLOV’S EXPERIMENTS INTO
CONDITIONING OF DOGS.
E3.5 OUTLINE PAVLOV’S EXPERIMENTS INTO
CONDITIONING OF DOGS.
Classical conditioning is a method of associative learning.
 Ivan Pavlov trained dogs to alter their response to a
stimulus, based on the dogs’ expected outcomes of the
behavior.
 Classical conditioning results in an automatic response to
a stimulus (e.g. a bell ring)

E3.5 OUTLINE PAVLOV’S EXPERIMENTS INTO
CONDITIONING OF DOGS.
E3.5 OUTLINE PAVLOV’S EXPERIMENTS INTO
CONDITIONING OF DOGS.
Unconditioned response
- automatic response to a stimulus (i.e. food causes salivation)
 Neutral stimulus
- does not elicit response (i.e. bell does not cause salivation)
 Conditioning
- neutral and unconditioned
stimuli applied together
(i.e. dog associates bell with
food, and salivates)
 Conditioned stimulus and
response
- Ringing the bell results in
salivation, even without food present.

E3.5 OUTLINE PAVLOV’S EXPERIMENTS INTO
CONDITIONING OF DOGS.
Operant conditioning is another conditioning method
proposed by BF Skinner
 Positive Reinforcement: Reward desired behavior
 Negative Reinforcement: Removal of positive reinforcement
 Punishment:
rats and pigeons were
trained to push levers
and perform actions to
receive food rewards.
An electrical shock
punished incorrect
actions.

E3.6 OUTLINE THE ROLE OF INHERITANCE AND
LEARNING IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF BIRDSONG IN
YOUNG BIRDS.
Birdsong is a strong indicator of reproductive fitness.
 Birdsong development is due to both innate and learned
behavior.
 This leads to sexual selection – usually the female selects
mates based on their perceived levels of reproductive
fitness.
 The basis of much birdsong is inherited, though needs to
be refined with learning.
 Example: lyre bird’s ability to mimic any sound in its
environment

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VjE0Kdfos4Y The amazing lyre bird
E3.6 OUTLINE THE ROLE OF INHERITANCE AND
LEARNING IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF BIRDSONG IN
YOUNG BIRDS.
Bird usually hatch with a template
song that prevents them from
learning from the wrong species.
 Imprinting takes place in the
sensitive period early in the
development (associative learning).
 By listening and practicing the calls
of the adult birds, the chick modifies
its song to “fit”.
 One reason why captive birds are
not reproductively successful in the
wild is that they have not been imprinted
with the correct mature song.
