Transcript Class Presentation

PAVLOV
WHO WAS HE?
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
Pavlov was born September 14th 1849, he was born in
a small village in Russia.
His primary interests were the study of physiology and
natural science.
Originally Pavlov’s family hoped that we would become
a priest and follow in his family’s footsteps however he
pursued a career in natural sciences.
Ivan Pavlov was not a psychologist and reportedly
disliked the field of psychology altogether however his
work had a major influence on the field.
He is best known for classical conditioning, research on
physiology and digestion and for winning a Nobel prize.
Pavlov married in 1881 and the marriage suffered from
stress as Pavlov made little money and they often had
to stay in other people’s homes as they could not
afford their own.
Ivan Pavlov died on February 27th 1936.
THE EARLY YEARS
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov was born in Ryazan, Russia, on
September 26, 1849, the eldest of 11 children. His
father was a poor parish priest, from whom Pavlov
acquired a lifelong love for physical labour and for
learning.
Whilst his mother was a homemaker, a young Pavlov worked
in the gardens and orchard with his father – leading to
his love and interest in plants. This passion lasted his
whole life. He also enjoyed household chores, cycling,
caring for his siblings, swimming and rowing.
When Ivan was nine or ten, he fell and this affected his
health in general and prevented him from starting
formal education. At eleven he entered the second
grade of the church school at Ryazan. In 1864 he went
to the Theological Seminary of Ryazan, a school
focused on training for the priesthood.
He studied religion, classical languages, philosophy; and he
developed an interest in science.
MAKING OF A PHSYSIOLOGIST
In 1870 Pavlov was admitted to the University of St. Petersburg
(Leningrad) in Russia. He studied animal physiology as his
major and chemistry as his minor. He also studied organic
chemistry (the science that studies how living things are
made) and inorganic chemistry (the science that studies
how non living things are made). This taught him about
what makes up both non-living things; plants and animals.
Furthering his studies, Pavlov also learned the techniques of
scientific investigation. Scientific investigation begins with
questions, which leads to investigation by the scientist. This
is followed by a report or statement that may describe the
answer. The scientist then tests the theory/answer via
observations..
After graduating from the University of St. Petersburg, Pavlov
entered the Military Medical Academy in 1881 where he
worked as a laboratory assistant for two years.
In 1877, while still at the academy he published his first piece,
which looked at the regulation of the circulation of blood
by reflexes (any unconscious or involuntary action of the
body). Within Two years he completed his course at the
academy. Pavlov successfully competed in an examination,
which awarded him a scholarship to continue postgraduate
study at the academy.
What is Pavlov’s Theory?
Before I talk about Pavlov’s Theory let me ask you all a
question. Does anyone remember being disciplined as a
child and having a fear of a belt or a slipper? Not even
having to see the item, but just being told to go get it
was enough to make those tears begin to fall. Well for
me it was the cane. The pain that I felt and the
swishing sound that the cane made is one of few
memories that have stuck with me from my childhood.
As I child I eventually only had to hear a swishing
sound and it would evoke the same fearful response in
me.
Well...
Pavlov’s theory was in line with this. He believed that through classical conditioning you could change the response that a
person had to an unconditioned stimulus from unconditioned response to a conditioned one.
Over a period of time, with the implementation of a neutral stimulus, the association that the person makes between the
unconditioned stimulus and the neutral stimulus then changes the response to a conditioned one.
Therefore, even without the presence of the neutral stimulus, the unconditioned stimulus alone would be enough to evoke the
same conditioned response.
For example, a toy given to a child such as a ‘Jack in the box’ would be the unconditional stimulus and the shock the child
receives when the toy pops open would be the unconditioned response.
However if you then bring in a neutral stimulus such as an electrical current which would zap the child when the ‘Jack in the
box’ opened, the unconditional response of shock is replaced with a conditioned response of pain.
Over a period of time, the child then identifies the ‘Jack in the box’ with the pain. Eventually, the link that the child has made
between the Jack in the box and the pain means that the child only has to see the jack in the box in order to remember the
pain.
In conclusion the ‘Jack in the box’ becomes the conditioned stimulus and the feeling of pain becomes the conditioned response.
HAHA...
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eo7jcI8fAuI
Pavlov's discovery!
Whilst studying the digestive system of dogs Pavlov noticed
something fascinating. His canines began to salivate every
time his assistants entered the room. He realised that the
dogs had made an association with the assistants who
brought them food. Therefore associating the coat with
the arrival of food.
He began to use edible and non edible items to measure
salivation; how much was produced by the presentation of
each stimulus. He first operated on the dogs, implanting a
device into their salivary gland. He noted the dogs
salivation as a reflex process. It occurred automatically in
response to specific stimulus.
THE THEORY
BEFORE
=
Salivation
Unconditional Stimulus
(UCS)
(UCS)
(UCR)
Unconditional Response
(UCR)
Bell
=
No Salivation
Neutral Stimulus
(NS)
(NS)
(NR)
No Response
(NR)
DURING (OVER TIME)
Food
+
Bell
=
Salivation
(UCS)
(NS)
(UCR BECOMES CR)
AFTER
Bell
=
Salivation
(NS)
(CR)
Conditional Response
(CR)
The (NS) alone can now cause salivation.
Food
Classical Conditioning
Classical (or Pavlovian) conditioning builds on reflexes: We begin with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) and an
unconditioned response (UCR) - a reflex! We then associate a neutral stimulus (NS) with the reflex by presenting
it with the unconditioned stimulus. Over a number of repetitions, the neutral stimulus by itself will elicit the
response! At this point, the neutral stimulus is renamed the conditioned stimulus (CS), and the response is now
called the conditioned response (CR).
To put it in the form that Pavlov observed in his dogs: Some meat powder on the tongue makes a dog salivate. Ring a
bell at the same time, and after a few repetitions, the dog will salivate upon hearing the bell alone - without
being given the meat powder! The dog associates the ringing of a bell with the presentation of food. The meat
powder is the unconditioned stimulus and the salivating is, at first, the unconditioned response. At first the bell
is a neutral stimulus, but after conditioning, it becomes the conditioned stimulus and the salivating becomes the
conditioned response.
© Copyright 2002, 2009, C. George Boeree (http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/genpsylearning.htm)
Ivan Pavlov’s Other Findings
As we have just touched on, Ivan Pavlov experiment was on dogs,
but he also experimented on children!
Pavlov operated on children, he put a tube on their cheek to
collect the salvia so he could measure it and fed them like
dogs.
In one experiment a child was on their back and a funnel type
machine was placed above the child mouth, a device was
attached to the child’s wrist and would squeeze their wrist,
which would then release a cookie into their mouth. After a
while just like the dogs, the child would open it mouth
automatically whenever their wrist was squeezed and begin
chewing in anticipation.
This experiment was merely to prove that human reflexes could
be conditioned just as easily as dogs.
The Harsh side of Pavlov’s theory!
Pavlov used a variety of stimuli, such as: Electric shock,
Bells, ticking metronome.
During Pavlov’s time of experimenting with conditioning, He
wanted to explore different responses, the more he
did this the more brutal it became.
Performed on dogs in order to collect saliva.
Pavlov experimented using minor procedures in which the
end of the 6 salivary glands ducts was loosened from
its attachments to the inner surface of the cheek. A
small hole was made through the cheek and the end of
the duct, together with the surrounding membrane,
was pulled through the hole, He sutured the exterior
surface and allowed to heal.
CHILDREN!!!
Pavlov’s worked not only on animals that he
found on the streets but his work also
extended on to children including his
own.
The children under went surgical procedures
similar to those performed on dogs in
order to collect saliva
Condition Reversal
* Pavlov tried to remove the conditioning which induced
nervous breakdowns in the dogs; during the removal of
the conditioning the nervous breakdown had rapidly
and dramatically removed the conditioning.
* He concluded during the breakdown the established
connections in the dog’s brain were lost, when the
brains rewired themselves it made new connections,
leading to dramatic changes in behaviour.
* Modern scientist discovered a number of errors within
details of Pavlov’s discovery. Many have criticised
Pavlov’s lack of detail and his failure to satisfyingly
explain the true mechanism of the conditioned reflex
representing limitations.
* Regardless Pavlov is still considered a pioneering figure.