Transcript 第二章行为医学的基本理论

第二章
行为医学的基本理论
Behaviorism Theory
Learning Theory
Behaviorism
John B.Watson 约翰.华生
（1878—1958）
Behaviorism
• 冯特“心理学是研究意识的科学”
• 华生：心理学应该研究可以被观察和直接
测量的行为，反对研究没有科学根据的意
识。他反对内省的研究方法，主张以纯实
验的方法研究心理学。
华生
1919年《行为主义观点的心理学》
1925年《行为主义》
• 行为主义观点认为，心理学不应该研究意识，只
应该研究行为。所谓行为就是有机体用以适应环
境变化的各种身体反应的组合。这些反应不外是
肌肉收缩和腺体分泌，它们有的表现在身体外部，
有的隐藏在身体内部，强度有大有小。
• 华生认为心理学研究行为的任务就在于查明刺激
与反应之间的规律性关系。这样就能根据刺激推
知反应，根据反应推知刺激，达到预测和控制行
为的目的。可以丢开意识去考察 行为 。运用更
客观的方法去研究行为。
• S-----------R
“Give me a dozen health infants, well-formed, and
my own specified world to bring them up in and I’
will guarantee to take any one at random and train
him to become any type of specialist I might select,
doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief, and yes, even
beggar man and thief, regardless of his talents,
penchants, tendencies, abilities,vocations, and race
of his ancestors”
—(John B. Watson,1925)
• Burrbus Frederick
Skinner 斯金纳
（1904—1990）
• Albert Bandura
班杜拉 (1925--)
• Behaviorism
S——R
• New behaviorism
S——O——R
Basic styles of learning
• 1. Classical conditioning
• 2. Operant conditioning
(Instrumental conditioning)
• 3. Observational learning
( Social learning)
• Pavlovian 巴甫洛夫
( 1849-1936)
Classical conditioning
Classical conditioning
• A set of procedures, developed by Pavlov,
used to investigate how organisms learn
about the signaling properties of events.
Classical conditioning leads to the learning
of relations between events- that occur
outside of one’s control.
Classical conditioning
（UCS）→（UCR）
（CS）+（UCS）→ (UCR)
（CS）→（CR）
Operant conditioning
Skinner’s box
Operant Conditioning
A form of behaviorism based on the premise
that reinforced behaviors tend to continue,
while those that are punished or are not
reinforced tend to gradually end.
Operant Conditioning
(reformation)
Response
(behavior)
Consequence
(reinforcer)
Effect on behavior
(increasing)
Observational Learning
• Observational Learning
• Learning that occurs as a result of
observing the experiences of others. Also
called social learning
Basic principles of learning
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
reinforcement
Punishment
extinction
generalization
habituation
shaping
modeling
habituation
• habituation
• An event occurs repeatedly, but in this case, the
reaction of the animal wanes with repeated
exposure.
• A behavioural alteration where an organism gets
accustomed to a particular stimuli, and no longer
produces a response to it.
Psychoanalytic Theory
Psychodynamic Theory
Sigmund Freud
（1856—1939）
Psychoanalysis
• Unconscious theory
• Theories of personality
• Libido: Stages of psychosexual development
• Anxiety and Defense Mechanisms
• Dream interpretation
Conscious
The contents of awareness — those things that
occupy the focus of one’s current attention.
Preconscious
Information that is not conscious but is
retrievable into conscious awareness.
Unconscious
A reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts,
memories, urges, and conflicts that are truly
beyond awareness.
Freud's personality theory
Id
The portion of personality that is governed by
inborn instinctual drives, particularly those
related to sex and aggression.
—— pleasure principle
Ego
The portion of personality that induces people
to act with reason and deliberation and helps
them conform to the requirements of the
external world.
—— reality principle
Superego
The portion of personality that motivates
people to act in an ideal fashion, in accordance
with the moral customs defined by parents and
culture.
—— idealistic principle
Anxiety and Defense Mechanisms
• When we are unsuccessful in resolving a conflict
through normal constructive actions, we become
anxious. Anxiety is considered both a symptom
of conflict and a signal to use a defense
mechanism. Defense mechanisms are
psychological maneuvers by which we distort
reality in ways that will help us avoid conflicts
and reduce anxiety.
Defense Mechanisms
• Repression
•Reaction formation
• Denial
•Rationalization
• Undoing
•Compensation
• Regression
•Intellectualization
• Projection
•Sublimation
• Displacement
Psychoanalytic therapy Techniques
• Free Associations
• The Analysis of Dreams
• The Analysis of resistance
• The Analysis of transference
• Interpretation
Humanism Theory
Humanism Psychology
. humanistic psychology
as the "third force" in psychology
• Humanism is a psychological approach that
emphasises the study of the whole person, and
the uniqueness of each individual.
Humanism Theory
• Abraham H.
Maslow
马斯洛(1908—1970)
• Carl Ranson.
Rogers
罗杰斯(1902-1987 )
Self-actualization自我实现
Kurt Goldstein "the tendency to actualize itself as
fully as possible is the basic drive...the drive of
self-actualization.“
Carl Rogers "the curative force in psychotherapy
-man's tendency to actualize himself, to become
his potentialities...to express and activate all the
capacities of the organism."
Humanism Perspective
• It views human nature is inherently and rational
and as naturally moving toward self-actualization .
Psychological disorders result when a person’s
natural tendency toward self-actualization is
blocked. Remove the psychological blocks, and
the person can move toward self-actualization
Cognitive Theory
• Cognitive psychology Theory
• The school of psychology that examines
internal mental processes such as problem
solving, memory, and language.
•
Aaron Beck
贝克(1921 • Beck’s cognitive
therapy
)
• Albert Ellis 艾里斯
(1913 - )
rational-emotive therapy,
RET;
rational-emotive-behavior
therapy, REBT
The cognitive perspective
It suggests that faulty thinking or distorted
perceptions can contribute to some types of
psychological disorders. For example, negative
thinking is intimately involved in depression and
anxiety. Treatment consistent with this perspective
is aimed at changing thinking and perceptions,
which presumably will lead to a change in behavior
Psychophysiological theory
• Cannon
坎农
• Pavlov
巴甫洛夫
• Selye
塞里
• Wolff
沃尔夫
• Miller
米勒
New Direction of Psychology
• Positive psychology
• Cultural and cross-cultural psychology
• Evolutionary psychology
• Psychosexual Stages
• 1.oral stage (0---1): mouth, feeding ,fixation
• 2.anal stage (2---3): anus, toilet training, fixation
• 3.phallic stage (4---5): genitals, Oedipus complex
• 4.latency stage (6 to puberty):none
• 5.genital stage (puberty on): genitals
• Libido
• Dream analysis
• Dream work
The end