Transcript Psychology 3260: Personality & Social Development

Psychology 3260: Personality
& Social Development
Don Hartmann
Spring 2006
Lecture 8: © Bandura
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Bandura References
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http://www.emory.edu/EDUCATION/mfp/Bandura/In
dex.html
Selected influential books from each decade
 Adolescent aggression (1959, with R. Walters)
 Social learning and personality development
(1963, with R. Walters)
 Aggression: Social learning analysis (1973)
 Social foundations of thought and action: A
social cognitive theory (1986)
 Self-efficacy: The exercise of control (1997)
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Overview of Bandura Lecture
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Introduction to Bandura
Early Social Learning Theory
Current Social Cognitive Theory
Evaluation
Summary
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The MAN!
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Introduction
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4th most influential psychologist of the 20th
century (see my bulletin board)
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Distinguished Professor at Stanford
Past President of the American Psychological
Association (APA)
On this campus, mentor of Donna Gelfand &
Don Hartmann
An important advocate and developer of
Social Learning Theory, which has been
transformed into Social Cognitive Theory
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The Characteristics of Bandura’s (early)
Theory with Emphasis on Learning
Early version (Social Learning Theory)
 emphasized the means by which we acquire
behavior: Learning…
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Operant Conditioning
Classical (Pavlovian) Conditioning
But especially, Imitation
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More on Imitation as a
Process
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Basic rather than derived process
Steps in process—any of which can go
wrong if “imitation fails”:
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Attending to the model
Coding the behavior into memory (visual vs.
abstract)
Retrieving the coded behavior
Performance of the behavior
Role of incentives
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Imitation May Not Always Be
Desirable
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More on the Characteristics of Bandura’s
(early) Theory with Emphasis on
Learning
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Distinguished between learning &
performance
We often, and incorrectly,
infer what a child knows from
what the child does
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Learning Vs. Performance
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Still More of the Characteristics of
Bandura’s (early) Theory with Emphasis
on Social Context
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Early version (Social Learning Theory)
emphasized the social context in which
learning occurred
Social variables are important in
determining what we learn, how much,
etc.
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Social Cognitive Theory
In general, people are viewed as selforganizing, proactive, self-reflecting
and self-regulating rather than as
reactive organisms shaped and
shepherded by environmental
forces or driven by concealed inner
impulses
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Social Cognitive Theory:
General Characteristics
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Importance of Cognitive Processes
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how we label ourselves;
how we think about ourselves and talk to
ourselves
our ATTRIBUTIONS (what we say or
think) about the causes of our and other’s
behavior and the like
how we expect to perform: our
EFFICACY-EXPECTATIONS
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Self Efficacy
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Definition: Our expectations for
success.
Efficacy expectations determine the
effort and persistence we display in our
behavior.
Efficacy expectations develop as a
function of: vicarious, direct, and
symbolic instructional experiences.
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Social Cognitive Theory:
Importance of Self-Processes
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Importance of Self Processes—
particularly self regulation
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self-monitoring
standard-setting
self-reinforcement
Self-reflection
Think of how much of your behavior is
controlled by self processes—perhaps
that were once external (e.g., performed
by parents)
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Other Emphases: Nurture over
Nature
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From Bandura: In lower mammalian species, for
example, sexual activities are completely regulated
by gonadal hormones; among primates sexual
behavior is partially independent of physiological
stimulation; while human eroticism is exceedingly
variable and essentially independent of hormonal
regulation....thus, one would induce sexual
behavior in a rodent Don Juan by administering
androgen, whereas presenting him lascivious
pictures of a well-endowed mouse would have no
stimulating effects whatsoever. By contrast, one
would rely on sexually-valenced social stimuli,
rather than on hormonal injections for producing
erotic arousal in human males.
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Other Emphases: Continuities
over Stages
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Abrupt changes in behavior seen only
with abrupt changes in controlling
stimuli -- either environmental or self
induced
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Other Emphases:
Philosophical Origins
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Reaction to
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psychoanalytic theory
the more sterile aspects of Skinner's positions,
and
philosophical rather than empirical approach to
psychology.
Stresses Reciprocal Causation involving
Person, Environment, and Behavior--triadic
reciprocity
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Reciprocal Causation: Behavior, the
Person, & the Environment
Watching Attentively
Acting Aggressively
Preference
for violent
TV
Violent TV
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A Bandurian Analysis of a
Child’s Moral Behavior
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Standards (models) child exposed to?
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Direct
Vicarious
Symbolic
Consequences for truth-telling and
dishonesty—dispensed by others & self
Labeling—by others & self
Consistency of treatment across settings
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Evaluation of Bandura
Strengths
 Strong on science
 Important emphasis on cognitive & self
processes.
 Important implications for child rearing,
education, etc.
Weaknesses:
 Not heavily developmental
 Underplays role of genetic and
maturational variables
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Summary of Bandura
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The Old: Social Learning Theory
The New: Social Cognitive Theory
Major Emphases
Strengths & Weaknesses
Next: Lecture #9: Piaget
Go in Peace
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