Transcript Learning
Learning Types of Learning • Classical Conditioning • Operant Conditioning • Observational Learning Types of Learning • Classical Conditioning –Pavlov, Garcia • Operant Conditioning –Skinner, Watson • Observational Learning –Bandura Defining Learning • A change in knowledge or behavior that results from experience. Pavlov’s Apparatus • Harness and mouth tube help keep dog in a consistent position to gather uncontaminated saliva samples Before Conditioning • Before Stimuli Are Paired – Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) elicits Unconditioned Response (UCR) • Meat elicits salivation – Neutral stimulus (NS) elicits no particular response • The bell does not lead to a particular response During Conditioning • Conditioning: Neutral Stimulus (NS) is paired with the Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) – Bell rings, then meat powder is delivered – This pairing happens a number of times (trials) After Conditioning • After several trials, when the bell rings, the dog salivates (NO FOOD NEEDED!) – The Bell is now a Conditioned Stimulus (CS) – Salivation is a Conditioned Response (CR) Let’s take a moment to recap Classical Conditioning Terms • Acquisition – Formation of a learned response to a stimulus through presentation of an unconditioned stimulus • Extinction – Elimination of a learned response by removal of the unconditioned stimulus • Generalization – When the classically conditioned reaction occurs to other (similar) stimuli Classical conditioning links horror movie music to fear Gore Fear UCR UCS Classical conditioning links horror movie music to fear Scary Music Gore Fear UCR NS UCS Classical conditioning links horror movie music to fear Scary Music Gore Fear UCR NS Scary Music CS UCS Fear CR Learning Factors • Number of pairings • Reliability of CS in predicting UCS • Occurrence of CS just before UCS Timing of CS before UCS Prepared Classical Conditioning • Organisms seem predisposed to make certain associations e. g., nausea creates taste aversions Ex: drinking Ex: Garcia