Transcript 281 Lecture 3

Principles of Behavior Change
Habituation
Classical Conditioning
Learning (4 types)
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Habituation
Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Modeling
Habituation
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Habituation: simplest form of learning.
 getting used to intensity of lights
defined as the decrease in the strength of a
response after repeated presentation of a
stimulus that elicits the response
Principles of Habituation:
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1. Course of Habituation: when a stimulus is repeatedly
presented, habituation of a response occurs.
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2. The Effects of Time: if stimulus is withheld for a period of
time, habituation decreases.
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3. Relearning Effect: if habituation to a stimulus has occurred
in the past is withheld and then re-administered, there will be a
savings of time. (less time to habituate)
4. Effects of Stimulus Intensity: we can habituate to weak moderate stimuli, but very strong stimuli may not result in
habituation.
5. Stimulus Generalization: transfer of habituation from one
stimulus to another. Generalization occurs in habituation.
Habituation
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A basic process needed to extinguish
various fears.
Exposure leads to a decrease in responding.
Sensitization
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Opposite of Habituation
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Grow more sensitive due to exposure
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Tinnitus
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Oversensitive to certain sounds
Not all behavior is learned
Examples?
Reflex (S-R sequence)
Reflexes key to classical conditioning
Classical Conditioning
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Behaviorism was ‘in the air” prior to the
emergence of the big names.
Zeitgeist: Is the atmosphere of the times
Ivan Sechenov (1829-1905) : founder of
Russian objective psychology (similar to
behaviorism)
Objective Psychology: study only those
things that are directly observable.
Pavlov (1849-1936)
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Classical Conditioning
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Respondent Conditioning
Pavlovian Conditioning
Born in Russia
Attended Seminary
Won Nobel Prize
Classical Conditioning in 1899.
Classical Conditioning
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a type of learning in which a stimulus
acquires the capacity to evoke a
response that was originally evoked by
another stimulus
Classical = Pavlovian = respondent
Classical Conditioning Terms
neutral stimulus - NS
unconditioned stimulus - UCS
unconditioned response - UCR
conditioned stimulus - CS
conditioned response - CR
Classical Conditioning
 Before conditioning
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Classical Conditioning
 Acquisition
 The unconditioned stimulus (UCS) and conditioned
stimulus(CS) are paired repeatedly
Classical Conditioning
 After conditioning
Classical Conditioning
NS
CS
Conditioned reflex
CR can be appetitive or aversive
UCS
CR
UCR
Unconditioned reflex
Twitmyer, 1902
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NS (tone)
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UCS (tap knee)  UCR (knee jerk)
Twitmyer, 1902
NS (tone) CS
CR (knee jerk)
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NS (“Bailey Boy”) CS
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UCS (catnip)

UCR (pleasure)
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NS (“Bailey Boy”) CS
CR (pleasure)
An Onion and Arousal???
UCS
(passionate
kiss)
CS
(onion
breath)
CS
(onion
breath)
UCR
(sexual
arousal)
UCS
(passionate
Kiss)
CR
(sexual
arousal)
UCR
(sexual
arousal)
Nausea Conditioning in Cancer Patients
UCS
(drug)
UCR
(nausea)
CS
(waiting
room)
UCS
(drug)
UCR
(nausea)
CS
(waiting
room)
CR
(nausea)
Standard Paradigm
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Phase 1:
NS  no response (bell)
UCS  UCR (natural reflex)
(food)
(salivation)
 Phase 2:
 NS (bell)  UCS (food)  UCR (salivation).
 Pairing NS with UCR.
 Phase 3:
 NS becomes CS:
CS  CR
Pavlov’s dog, cat and cousin
Classical Conditioning
Eye Blink Responses in Rabbits
Bechterev (1857-1927)
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Russian
Studied (almost exclusively) the
relationship between environmental stimuli
and behaviour.
His name should have been famous, but
Watson read Pavlov’s studies instead of
Bechterev.
John B. Watson
1878-1958
“Radical” Behaviorism
Little Albert
Watson, John B. (1878-1958)
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“ father of behaviourism”
History:
mother- very religious. Father “drank, swore and
chased women” left family when Watson was 13.
Watson wasn’t a good student, charmed his way
into U of Chicago.
1902 nervous breakdown
1903 doctoral thesis completed (became assistant
professor at U of C, earning 600/ yr.
at 25 yrs of age, was the youngest to graduate U
of C with a doctorate.
Married Mary Ickles, a student.
John B. Watson
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1907 John Hopkins, earning $ 3,000 /yr
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1914 becomes 24th president of APA, at age 36
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Scandal: 1920: affair with student Rosalie Rayner
divorced and fired, looses everything
1921 marries Rosalie. 42 yrs old, she is 21. Broke.
went into advertising making $ 10,000/ yr
1928 $50,000 / yr
1930 $ 70,000/ yr
Watson and Little Albert
Film Example
Fear Conditioning in Little Albert
Excitatory Conditioning
Conditioning in which the NS is
associated with the presentation of a
US is known as excitatory conditioning
Inhibitory Conditioning
Conditioning in which the NS is
associated with the absence
of removal of a US
Excitatory, Inhibitory Conditioning
Light
Bell
Bell
Meat
Salivation
No Salivation
Temporal Arrangements
Does the timing of the CS relative
to the UCS make a difference?
Timing is Everything!
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“stimulus
contiguity”
Timing is Everything!
Forward Conditioning
short delay
long delay
trace
Backward
Simultaneous
Delay
CS
US
Long-Delay
CS
Trace
Backward
CS
US
US
US
CS
Timing is Everything!
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Which is the best method?
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short-delay
What is the ideal time delay?
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1/2 second or so…
Conditioned Taste Aversion
= Satisfying Taste?
OR
= Urge to throw up?
Nausea
Nausea
Conditioned Taste Aversion
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long delay between CS and UCS
violates standard rule of short delay
Nausea
Do you have an example?
50% of College students do