Transcript Chap 7, Lsn 2 PP - Springboro Community Schools

Managers and Group Behavior
Overview
 Perception
 How People Learn
 Foundations of Group Behavior
Chapter 7 Lesson 2
Quick Write
Think of an experience in which someone
inspired you to change your usual behavior.
How did they accomplish it?
Chapter 7 Lesson 2
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Perception
Chapter 7 Lesson 2
Taken from Wikipedia.com
Introduction
Imagine in the business world that a certain
manager’s assistant takes several days to make
an important decision
Does she take so long because she’s slow,
disorganized, and reluctant to make up her
mind?
Or is she thorough, thoughtful, and deliberate?
These two different interpretations are examples
of different perceptions
Chapter 7 Lesson 2
Perception Is…
…the way people make sense of their
world
…the process of organizing and interpreting
sensory impressions to give meaning to the
environment
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What Influences Perception
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Attitudes
Background
Life experience
Personal characteristics
Context in which you meet
someone
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Attribution Theory
Attribution theory is
based on the premise
that people judge other
people differently
depending on the
meaning they attribute
to a given behavior
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Can You Judge by Appearance?
Chapter 7 Lesson 2
Taken from Fundamentals of Management, 5th Ed.
By Robbins/DeCenzo, p. 276
Pearson Prentice Hall, 2005
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Internal and External Causes
 Internal causation has to do with
intents and motives that the person
can control – the things someone
does “on purpose”
 Externally caused behavior gets into
things beyond the individual’s
control – such as being late to work
due to a transit strike or car accident
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Three Factors to Consider
Distinctiveness
Everywhere or just in certain situations?
Consensus
Everyone or just one or two people?
Consistency
All the time or just some of the time?
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Fundamental Attribution Error
Fundamental attribution error is the
tendency to underestimate the influence
of external factors and overestimate the
influence of internal or personal factors
when making judgments about others’
behavior
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Self-Serving Bias
Self-serving bias
refers to the tendency
for individuals to
attribute their own
success to internal
factors while blaming
external factors for
their failure
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Shortcuts Managers Use in
Judging Others
Selectivity
Looking at only certain indicators
Assumed Similarity
Imagining everyone is just like me
Stereotyping
Making broad assumptions about people
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Shortcuts Managers Use in
Judging Others
Halo Effect
Letting one fact about someone paint the
entire way you see them – positively or
negatively
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
What you expect to see is what you do
see even if it is not really accurate
Chapter 7 Lesson 2
Optional Exercise
Attribution Error
List five problem behaviors that occur on
a regular basis among teenagers that are
experienced both in schools and outside
of schools.
List internal and external factors that
could be contributing to these problem
behaviors.
Chapter 7 Lesson 2
Optional Exercise
Attribution Error
Fundamental attribution error is the tendency
to underestimate the influence of external
factors and overestimate the influence of
internal or personal factors when making
judgments about others’ behavior.
What factors did you identify that you think
might be overestimated or underestimated?
Chapter 7 Lesson 2
How People Learn
Learning is any relatively permanent
change in behavior that occurs
because of experience
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Operant Conditioning
Operant conditioning is a behavioral theory
that argues that voluntary, or learned,
behavior is a function of its consequences
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Reinforcements
A real estate agent, for
instance, finds that
having a high income
depends on generating
many listings and sales
in his or her territory.
Probably no one had to
tell the agent that,
though. The agent just
figured it out and started
hustling.
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Reinforcements
A supervisor facing a crunch on a big project
may encourage employees to put in lots of
overtime during the weeks of the project,
and may tell them they’ll be rewarded
accordingly during their next performance
appraisal. But if the appraisal arrives and
includes no rewards for the overtime during
the big project, the employees may decide
not to push so hard the next time a project
comes up.
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Social Learning Theory
Social learning theory
is the theory that
people can learn
through observation
and direct experience
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Influence of a Model
(Specific Processes)
Attentional Processes
To learn from a model, you have to
recognize and pay attention to that model’s
critical features. The models that influence
you most are repeatedly available ones you
consider attractive, important, or similar to
you.
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Influence of a Model
(Specific Processes)
Retention Processes
A model’s influence will depend on how
well you remember the model’s action,
even when the model is no longer
available.
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Influence of a Model
(Specific Processes)
Motor Reproduction Processes
After you have observed a model in
action, you still have to perform the actual
physical activities.
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Influence of a Model
(Specific Processes)
Reinforcement
Processes
You will be motivated
to follow the model’s
cues if you receive
positive incentives or
rewards for doing so.
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How Managers Shape Behavior
Shaping behavior is the term for
systematically reinforcing each
successive step that moves someone
closer to a desired behavior
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Shaping Behavior
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Positive reinforcement is to praise or reward
someone for excellent or improved performance
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Negative reinforcement involves issuing rebukes
or criticisms in response to bad behavior
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Punishment is probably a familiar concept – being
fired or suspended for inappropriate behavior are
forms of punishment
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Extinction is a fourth tool that is used by paying no
attention to or disregarding undesired, attentionseeking behavior
Chapter 7 Lesson 2
Optional Exercise
 Who is the best teacher you have ever
had in high school?
 What did that teacher do that made
him or her so good?
 What positive and negative
reinforcements did your teacher use
with you personally?
Chapter 7 Lesson 2
Optional Exercise
The fact that you can identify the traits of a good
teacher is an example of social learning theory
– you learned through observation and direct
experience.
The fact that your teacher encouraged certain
behaviors and discouraged others is an example
of operant conditioning – using consequences
to reinforce good behavior and reduce or
eliminate bad behavior.
Chapter 7 Lesson 2
Foundations of Group Behavior
Chapter 7 Lesson 2
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What is a Group?
A group is two or more interacting
and interdependent individuals who
come together to achieve particular
objectives
Groups can be formal or informal
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Basic Concepts of Group Behavior
Roles
A set of expected behavior patterns attributed to
someone who occupies a given position in a social unit
Norms and Conformity
Acceptable standards shared by the members of a group
Status Systems
A prestige grading, position, or rank within a group
Group Cohesiveness
The degree to which members of a group are attracted
to each other and share goals
Chapter 7 Lesson 2
Review
 Perception is the process of organizing and
interpreting sensory impressions to give
meaning to the environment
 Attribution theory is based on the premise
that people judge other people differently
depending on the meaning they attribute to a
given behavior
Chapter 7 Lesson 2
Review
 Internal causation has to do with intents and
motives that the person can control – the things
someone does “on purpose”
 Externally caused behavior gets into things
beyond the individual’s control – such as being
late to work due to a transit strike or car accident
 Considering three factors helps managers
determine whether behavior is internally or
externally caused – distinctiveness, consensus,
and consistency
Chapter 7 Lesson 2
Review
 Fundamental attribution error is the
tendency to underestimate the influence of
external factors and overestimate the
influence of internal or personal factors
when making judgments about others’
behavior
 Self-serving bias refers to the tendency for
individuals to attribute their own success to
internal factors while blaming external
factors for their failure
Chapter 7 Lesson 2
Review
 Learning is any relatively permanent
change in behavior that occurs because of
experience
 Operant conditioning is a behavioral
theory that argues that voluntary, or
learned, behavior is a function of its
consequences
 Social learning theory is the theory that
people can learn through observation and
direct experience
Chapter 7 Lesson 2
Review
 Shaping behavior is the term for systematically
reinforcing each successive step that moves
someone closer to a desired behavior
 Four ways to shape other people’s behavior are
positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement,
punishment, and extinction
Chapter 7 Lesson 2
Review
 A group is two or more interacting and
interdependent individuals who come together
to achieve particular objectives and can be
formal or informal
 The foundation for understanding group
behavior consists of roles, norms and
conformity, status systems, and group
cohesiveness
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Summary
 Perception
 How People Learn
 Foundations of Group Behavior
Chapter 7 Lesson 2
What’s Next…
Work Teams 101
Chapter 7 Lesson 2
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