Transcript ch_3 - Home - KSU Faculty Member websites

1- Perception The process through which we
select, organize, and interpret information
gathered by our senses in order to understand the
world us.
2- Social Perception The process through
which individuals attempt to combine, integrate,
and interpret information about others .
3- Attribution
The process through which
individuals attempt to determine the causes of other
Behavior
4- Correspondent Inferences
made about what someone is like based on
observations of his or her behavior.
judgment
Kelley’s theory of causal attribution
1- Consensus behave in the same manner as
the person were judging.
2- Consistency person were judging acts the
same way at other times when he or she is in
the same situation
3- Distinctiveness behave in the same
manner in other contexts
1- Perception Biases
predisposition that
people have to misperceive others in various
systematic ways.
A- fundamental attribution error the
tendency to attribute others actions to internal
causes (e.g., their traits) while largely ignoring
external factors that also may have influenced
their behavior.
B- halo effect the tendency for our overall
impressions of others to affect objective
evaluation of their specific traits; perceiving
high correlations between characteristic that
may be unrelated.
C- similar-to-me effect the tendency for people
to perceive in appositive light others who are
believed to be similar to themselves in any of
several different ways.
D- first-impression error the tendency to base
our judgments of others on our earlier
impression of them.
2- selective perception the tendency to
focus on some aspects of the environment
while ignoring others
3- stereotypes beliefs that all members of
specific group share similar traits and are
prone to behave the same way.
4- Overcoming Bias in Social
perception: Same Guidelines.
A- Do not overlook the external causes of
others behavior.
B- Identify and confront your stereotypes.
C- Evaluate people based on objective
factors.
D- Avoid making rash judgments.
1- Performance Appraisal the process of
evaluating employees on various work-related
dimensions. 
2- Impression Management Efforts by
individuals to improve how they appear to
others.
3- Corporate Image the impressions that
people have of an organization.
1- Operant Conditioning (or
instrument conditioning)
The form of learning in which people associate
the consequences of their actions with the
actions themselves. Behaviors with positive
consequences are acquired; behaviors with
negative consequence tend to be eliminated.
Negative reinforcement (or
avoidance)
The process by which people learn to
perform acts that lead to the removal of
undesired events.
Punishment decreasing undesirable
behavior by following it with undesirable
consequences .
Extinction the process through with
responses that are no longer reinforced tend
to gradually diminish in strength.
Partial (or intermittent)
reinforcement A schedule of
reinforcement in which only some desired
behavior are reinforced .
Four varieties of partial
reinforcement schedules:
1- fixed interval
Rewards are given after a constant amount of
time has passed.
2 -variable interval
Rewards are given after a variable amount of
time has passed
3 - Fixed Ratio
Rewards are given after a constant number of
actions are performed.
4 -Variable Ratio
Rewards are given after a variable number of
actions are performed.
TRAINING
the process of systematically teaching employees
to acquire and improve job related skills and
knowledge
TRAIN
1- PARTICIPATION
active involvement in the process of
learning : more active participation leads
to more effective learning
2- REPETITION
the process of repeatedly performing a task
so that it may be learned
3 -TRANSFER OF TRAINING
the degree to which he skills learned
during sessions may be applied to
performance of one's job
4 - FEEDBACK
knowledge of the results of one's behavior
organizational behavior
management (also known as
organizational behavior
modification or OB mod)
the practice of altering behavior hen
organizations by systematically
administering rewards