Transcript The Organization as an Iceberg Metaphor

The Relationship between
Org. Theory & Org. Behavior
Visible Aspects
Objectives
Policies and procedures
Structure
Technology
Formal authority
Chains of command
Hidden aspects
Attitudes
Perceptions
Group norms
Informal interactions
Interpersonal and
intergroup conflicts
Dr. Friday - OB GRAD
© Prentice Hall 2000
Behavior – actions of people
Organizational Behavior (OB) – the study of the actions of people at work.
Individual Behavior (psychology) – attitudes, personality, perception,
learning, and motivation.
Group Behavior (sociology, social psychology) – norms, roles, team
building, and conflict.
Culture (anthropology)
Goal of OB – to explain and predict behavior to better manage employee
behavior.
Employee Behaviors of Concern:
Productivity
Absenteeism
Turnover
4 major OB outcomes:
Job Satisfaction –
attitude
Productivity
–
behavior
Absenteeism behavior
Turnover
behavior
Dr. Friday - OB GRAD
Attitudes – evaluative statements concerning objects, people, or events
3 component of an attitude
1) Cognitive – beliefs, opinions, knowledge, or info
2) Affective – emotional or feeling segment
3) Behavioral – an intention to behave in a certain way toward
someone/something
Job-Related Attitudes:
Job Satisfaction – employee’s general attitude toward his/her job.
Job Involvement – the degree to which an employee identifies with his/her
job, actively participates in it, and considers his/her job performance
important to his/her self-worth.
Organizational Commitment – employee’s orientation toward the
organization in terms of his/her loyalty to, identification with, and
involvement in the organization.
Personality – the trait or characteristics of an individual.
Big 5 Personality Model – conscientiousness, agreeableness,
extraversion, emotional stability, and openness to experience
Dr. Friday - OB GRAD
Operant Conditioning argues that behavior is a function of its
consequences. Therefore, it deals with voluntary or “learned behavior.
People learn to behave to get something they want or to avoid something
they don’t want. The tendency to repeat a behavior is influenced by the
reinforcement or lack of reinforcement that happens as a result of the
behavior.
Organizational Behavior Modification (OB Mod)
Positive Reinforcement – when a behavior is followed with something
pleasant
Negative Reinforcement – rewarding a response with the elimination or
withdrawal of something unpleasant
Positive Reinforcement and Negative Reinforcement strengthen a behavior.
Punishment – penalizes undesirable behavior
Extinction – eliminating any reinforcement that’s maintaining a behavior
Punishment and Extinction weaken a behavior or decreases its frequency.
Dr. Friday - OB GRAD
Perception – one’s interpretation of reality
Self Fulfilling Prophecy - People perceive others in a certain way, and in turn,
those others behave in ways that are consistent with the perception
Fundamental Attribution Error – the tendency to underestimate the influence
of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors when making
judgments about the behavior of others
Self-serving Bias – the tendency for individuals to attribute their own successes
to internal factors while putting the blame for failures on external factors
Selectivity – the process by which people assimilate certain bits and pieces of
what they observe, depending on their interest, background, and attitudes
Assumed similarity – the belief that others are like oneself
Stereotyping – judging a person on the basis of one’s perception of a group to
which he/she belongs
Halo Effect – a general impression of an individual based on a single
characteristic.
Dr. Friday - OB GRAD
Attribution Theory
Observation
Distinctiveness
Individual
Behavior
High
External
Low
Internal
High
External
Low
Internal
High
External
Low
Internal
Consensus
Consistency
© Prentice Hall 2000
Attribution
of cause
Interpretation
Dr. Friday - OB GRAD