Transcript Respondent and Operant Conditioning Together

Respondent and Operant
Conditioning Together
Chapter 15
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Review
• Respondent Conditioning
– If a neutral stimulus is followed closely in
time by an unconditioned stimulus (US),
which elicits and unconditioned response
(UR), then the previously neutral stimulus
will also elicit UR in the future
• Operant Conditioning
– The modification of behavior by its
consequences
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Respondent and Operant
Conditioning
• Experiences often include both
respondent and operant conditioning
occurring together
• Complete behavioral explanations
sometimes require consideration of both
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Example of Respondent and
Operant Conditioning Interacting
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Example of Respondent and
Operant Conditioning Interacting
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Respondent and Operant
Component of Emotions
• Four important areas:
– Reaction one feels during the experience of
emotion
– The way the emotion is outwardly expressed
or disguised
– Becoming aware of emotions and describing
emotions
– Causes of emotions
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The Respondent Component
of Emotions
• Reflexive reaction of body
– Digestive system
– Circulatory system
– Respiratory system
• Controlled by autonomic nervous system
– Fight or flight
– Relaxation
– Nearly every organ or gland controlled by the
autonomic nervous system is susceptible to
respondent conditioning
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The Case of “Little Albert”:
Watson & Rayner (1920)
• Conditioned emotional responses
• Conducted experiment with 11-month-old infant, Albert
• Used respondent procedures to condition fear response
– Presented Albert with object (white rat, etc.)
– Albert plays with it, unafraid
– Demonstrated that striking steel bar with a hammer, produced a fear
response
– Struck steel bar with hammer while Albert played with a white rat
– Albert became conditioned to fear the rat
– Albert also showed generalization to other objects (e.g., white fur coat)
not used in conditioning
• Watson did not extinguish the fear response in Albert (Albert left
the hospital)
• Mary Carver Jones (1924) showed that a fear response in a child
similar to Albert can be eliminated through by gradual exposure to
the feared object (a form of extinction)
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Operant Components of Emotion:
Actions, Descriptions, and
Awareness
• Displays of emotion depend on learning
history – operant conditioning at play
• Labeling of emotions may be inaccurate if
we don’t know:
– Emotion causing events
– Inner feelings
– Relevant operant behaviors
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Some Causes of Emotions
• Happiness
– Presentation of reinforcers
• Anger
– Withholding of reinforcers
• Anxiety
– Presentation of aversive stimuli
• Relief
– Withdrawal of aversive stimuli
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Respondent and Operant
Components of Thinking
• Imagery – Respondent
– Thinking can produce brain reactions of
sensations
– Body reactions
• Self-Talk – Operant
– Much of thinking is verbal
– At 5–6 years, begin subvocal speech (talk
silently to self)
– Learn what is appropriate to say and what
isn’t
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Private Thoughts and Feelings
• Principles and procedures of operant and
respondent conditioning apply to private
behavior
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