Transcript Chapter 1 Editable Lecture Notecards

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In general terms, psychology is about understanding all the things that we do.
Although psychology began in Europe, many research labs began to appear
in North American colleges and universities.
Wilhelm Wundt is considered the father of modern psychology.
Many of the early American psychologists were his graduate students.
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Wundt is known as a voluntarist because he was interested
in volitional behavior.
Mary Whiton Calkins founded an early psychology laboratory at Wellesley
College and was the first woman president of the APA.
He founded what is considered to be the first psychology laboratory in Leipzig,
Germany in 1879.
Margaret Floy Washburn was the first woman to earned a Ph. D in psychology
and authored an influential book, The Animal Mind.
He used the technique known as introspection to probe the perceptual
processes of his experimental subjects.
Leta Stetter Hollingworth did pioneering work on adolescent development
and the fallacy of women’s inferiority.
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G. Stanley Hall was the first president of APA; his most significant contribution
may have been to expose scholars in the US to Freud’s psychoanalytic theory.
B.F. Skinner is arguably the most influential psychologist to date.
His work on operant conditioning revolutionized the behavioral movement.
Freud is world-famous for his theory. His work helped to shape the field
of clinical psychology.
Carl Jung was an adherent of Freud who eventually broke with him; he is most
widely remembered for his theory of the collective unconscious.
He extended his theoretical work to humans and most notably
argued against the notion that we have free will.
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Psychology does not provide us with a unitary understanding of the mind there are numerous viewpoints that compete and complement one another.
Psychoanalysts study the unconscious determinants of behavior - they believe
that unconscious motives and experiences in early childhood govern
personality and mental disorders.
These perspectives have all grown from the work of early psychologists.
Behaviorists believed that only observable events can be studied
scientifically, and studied the effects of environment on the overt behavior
of humans and animals.
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Humanists believe that humans are free, rational beings with the potential
for personal growth - fundamentally different from animals.
The cognitive perspective involves the study of thoughts and
mental processes.
Humanists study the unique aspects of human experience.
Cognitive theorists believe that human behavior cannot be fully understood
without examining how people acquire, process, and store information.
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Advocates of the biological perspective believe that an organism’s functioning
can be explained in terms of the bodily structures and biochemical process
that underlie behavior.
Evolutionary theorists study the evolutionary bases of behavior in humans
and animals.
They study the physiological bases of behavior in humans and animals.
They believe that behavior patterns have evolved to solve adaptive problems,
and that natural selection favors behaviors that enhance reproductive success.
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Psychoanalysis developed before behaviorism and behaviorism developed
before cognitive psychology
Many individuals have made contributions to the history of psychology.
This evidence provided on this graph suggests that behaviorism gave way
in terms of quantity of published research several decades ago.
The graph may not be so helpful when determining psychoanalysis’ impact
on the field because psychoanalysts are less likely to be scientists.
Psychology grew out of a number of related disciplines like philosophy,
medicine, physics, physiology, etc.
The work of the individuals on this overview helped to consolidate psychology
into its own field.
Many of these names are very familiar to those who work in this field.
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APA membership has grown substantially since the end of World War II,
a testament to its popularity.
The most common setting for psychologists is in private practice. These are
obviously clinical or counseling psychologists. Hospitals and clinics are also
a common setting for these psychologists.
The academic setting is also a common locale for psychologists.
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Clinical psychologists are concerned with the evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of
individuals with psychological disorders, as well as treatment of less server behavioral
and emotional problems.
This graphic shows how many clinical psychologists are employed in the
industrialized world.
Counseling psychologists provide assistance to people struggling with everyday
problems of moderate severity.
Educational psychologists work to improve curriculum design,
achievement testing, teacher training, and other aspects of the educational process.
Industrial and organizational psychologists perform a wide variety of tasks in the
world of business and industry.
This mirrors the strong demand that is seen for slots in graduate programs
in clinical psychology.
Clinical psychology programs, excepting veterinary school, is the
most difficult graduate program to gain admittance to.
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These are the themes that relate to psychology as a field of study.
These themes relate to psychology’s subject matter.
1. Empiricism is the premise that knowledge should be acquired
through observation.
4. Psychology shows that there are multiple causes of behaviors.
2. A theory is a system of interrelated ideas used to explain a set
of observations. The conclusions in psychology are based on
direct observation.
5. Culture - widely shared customs, beliefs, values, norms, and other products
of a community - is also a determinant of human behavior.
6. Heredity and environment - or nature and nurture - are both important and have
complex connections to human behavior.
3. Trends, issues, and values in society influence psychology’s evolution putting psychology in both a social and historical context.
7. Motives and expectations color our experience, which can make perception
a subjective experience.
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Time management is crucial to success in college.
This graphic shows the strong positive correlation between classroom
attendance and grade performance.
Many students today work while they attend college.
This can be detrimental since many study hours are lost to jobs
which pay very little.
Though most instructors do not take attendance, this detail is crucial
to a student’s success.
This student must manage this on their own quite often.
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