Transcript Psychology
Roots, History, Approaches Roots Early questions: Connection between mind & body? Ideas – innate or experiential? “Psych” – mind; “ology” – study (Aristotle) Roots Empiricism Francis Bacon/John Locke Tabula Rasa Knowledge – from experience Science – rely on experimentation and observation Discussion Based on your knowledge at this point, should psychology be a science? Why/why not? Development Structuralism - Wilhelm Wundt – 1st psychology laboratory - Used introspection - Focus on basic elements of human mind - Describe experiences - Edward Titchener - expanded Wundt Titchener Functionalism - William James – 1st psych lab outside of Europe - Used observation of human & animal behavior - How consciousness helps people adapt to environment James Development Psychoanalysis -Sigmund Freud - Used case studies -Behavior from mental processes -Many occur from unconscious level Gestalt -Max Wertheimer; Wolfgang Kohler -Used observation -Organization of mental processes -“Whole is greater that the sum of its parts” Kohler Behaviorism -John B. Watson; B.F. Skinner - Used observation of stimuli/responses - Learning most important determinant of behavior Watson Important People G. Stanley Hall Hermann Ebbinghaus Mary Calkins Charles Darwin Beverly Inez Prosser Approaches Cognitive – how person processes, perceives & how that relates to observable behaviors Behavioral – how person was rewarded/punished, study person’s history; LEARNING & how relates to behaviors Humanistic – how people perceive the world and how their choices reflect their perceptions; individual experiences Biological – based on hormones, genes, & nervous system, especially brain Psychodynamic/psychoanalytical – constant and mostly unconscious conflict causes mental processes & behaviors Sociocultural – multicultural; varying behaviors across cultures and situations Evolutionary – genes that are adaptive pass on via natural selection Discussion Which of the approaches most represents psychology as a science? Why? Which of the approaches least represents psychology as a science? Why? Should psychology be considered a science? Task Work in small groups of 3-4. Create a scenario that shows a behavior & explain how ONE of the approaches would explain that behavior. DO NOT put your names on it. Make sure you can explain why it is that approach. You have 7 minutes to complete this task. Philosophical Developments • Are abilities determined by our genes or our experiences? • What are the interactions between genetics and environment? • What effect does it have on behavior? Psychology’s Big Issues Stability versus change Are traits consistent across the lifespan and different situations? Rationality versus irrationality How are decisions made? Nature and nurture What are the relative contributions of biology and experience? Careers in Psychology Basic Research - Pure science or research -Research for the sake of finding new information and expanding the knowledge base of psychology Biological psychologists Developmental psychologists Cognitive psychologists Personality psychologists Social psychologists Applied Research - Research designed to solve specific practical problems Industrial/organizational psychologists Counseling/clinical psychologists School psychologists Sports psychologists Clinical Psychologist -Diagnose and treat psychological problems Review Where do most psychologists work? Which type of psychologist would most want to be? Why? Which type of psychologist would you not want to be? Why? Think about . . . Homework What methods Complete approaches psychology needs to use to be considered a science Tools that different specialities of psychology would utilize chart Read pg 19-30 & 37-40; complete vocab biological key theorists key terms key concept … you are like you are because …. behavioral cognitive humanistic psychodynamic/ psychoanalytic