Transcript Behaviorism-Cognitivism

Behaviorism-Cognitivism
By: Belen Abarca
Behavioral Theorist-B.F. Skinner
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Skinner developed the
operant conditioning model.
He believed two types of
learning existed: classical
conditioning and operant
conditioning
Skinner says that a learner
“does not passively absorb
knowledge from the world
around him but must play
an active role.”
Learners learn by doing,
experiencing, and engaging
in repeated trial and error.
Behavioral Theory
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Behaviorism operates on a principle of
“stimulus-response.”
All behavior is caused by external
stimuli.
All behavior can be explained without
the need to consider internal mental
states or consciousness.
Operant Conditioning
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When an organism does something,
the consequences of that behavior are
reinforcing, it is likely to be done again.
What counts as reinforcement, of
course, (whether positive or negative),
is based on the evidence of the
repeated behavior, which makes the
whole argument rather circular.
The ABCs of Behavioral Learning
Operant Conditioning simply put…
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reinforcing what you want people to do
again; ignoring or punish what you
want people to stop doing.
Cognitive Theorist- Robert Gange
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is best known for his Nine
Events of Instruction.
Gagne believes that
effective instruction should
reach beyond traditional
learning theories.
He supports cumulative
teaching that transitions
from simple to complex
skills.
This hierarchical framework
is widely used in many
instructional environments.
Gange’s
Nine Events of Instruction
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Gain Attention
Inform Learner of
Objective
Recall Prior
Knowledge
Present Material
Provide Guided
Learning
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Elicit Performance
Provide Feedback
Assess
Performance
Enhance Retention
and Transfer
Cognitivism Theory
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The cognitivist model essentially argues that
the “black box” of the mind should be
opened in order to understand how people
learn.
The learner is viewed as an information
processor (like a computer).
Learning is a change in mental
representations and associations brought by
experiences.
How learning theories impact
teaching-behaviorism.
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Breaking down the skills and information to be
learned into small units.
Checking student's work regularly and providing
feedback as well as encouragement
(reinforcement).
Teaching "out of context." Behaviorists generally
believe that students can be taught best when the
focus is directly on the content to be taught.
Direct or "teacher centered" instruction, teacher
controlled teaching tend to dominate behavioral
classrooms.
How learning theories impact
teaching-cognitivism.
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Learning is active.
Students explore various possible response
patterns and choose between them.
Learning can be intrinsically rewarding.
Knowledge is a matter of acquiring information
Understanding is a matter of creating new patterns.
Applications require the learner to see relationships
among problems.
Students must direct their own learning.
Manifestations in adult learning
Behavioral Objectives
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Competency based
education
Skill development
and training
Cognitive Development
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Intelligence,
learning and
memory as function
of age
Learning how to
learn
Congitivism and Adult Learning
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Cognitivism, like constructivism, views the learner
as an active participant in the knowledge
acquisition process. Therefore, instruction should
be designed to fully engage the learner. To
do so, instructional materials can utilize
demonstrations and illustrative examples.
The use of various media, such as videos and
graphics, may also be helpful in engaging the
learner's cognitive processes.
Behaviorism and Adult Learning
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Behaviorist Adult Education has its roots in
modern philosophic and scientific
movements.
Behaviorism in adult education emphasizes
such concepts as control, behavioral
modification, learning through reinforcement
and management by objectives.
References
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Atherton, J.S. (2005). Learning and Teaching: Behaviourism. Retrieved February 25, 2008, from the
World Wide Web: http://www.learningandteaching.info/learning/behaviour.htm
Behavioral Theories. An Electronic Textbook on Instructional Technology. Retrieved February 25, 2008,
from the World Wide Web: http://viking.coe.uh.edu/~ichen/ebook/et-it/behavior.htm#instruction
Killpatrick, L. (2001). Gagne's Nine Events of Instruction. In B. Hoffman (Ed.), Encyclopedia of
Educational Technology. Retrieved February 25, 2008, from World Wide Web: about:blank
http://coe.sdsu.edu/eet/Articles/gagnesevents/start.htm
Learning-Theories.com. (2007). Behaviorsm. Retrieved February 25, 2008, from the World Wide Web:
http://www.learning-theories.com/behaviorism.html#more-21
Learning-Theories.com. (2007). Cognitivism. Retrieved February 25, 2008, from the World Wide Web:
http://www.learning-theories.com/cognitivism.html#more-34
Smith, M. K. (1999). Learning Theory. The Encyclopedia of Informal Education. Retrieved February 25,
2008, from the World Wide Web: http://www.infed.org/biblio/b-learn.htm
Spurgeon, Linda P., Moore Gary E. (1997). The Educational Philosophies of Training and Development
Professors, Leaders, and Practitioners. Journal of Technology Studies, 22.2, 11-19. Retrieved February
25, 2008, from the World Wide Web: http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/ejournals/JOTS/Summer-Fall-1997/PDF/3Spurgeon.pdf
Tway, Duane C. (2003, September 22). Cognitivism, Constructivism, and Work Performance The Free
Library. (2003). Retrieved February 25, 2008, from the World Wide Web:
http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Cognitivism, constructivism, and work performance-a0111848863