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DEVELOPMENTAL
GELİŞİMPSYCHOLOGY
PSİKOLOJİSİ
Ders 4
8
COGNITIVE
DEVELOPMENT
AND
DUYULARIN
GELİŞİMİ
LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
20.07.2015
Prof.Dr.Mustafa Ergün
1
Stages of Intellectual
Development In Children and
Teenagers
Children are not little
adults. Until they reach the
age of 15 or so they are not
capable of reasoning as an
adult.
20.07.2015
Prof.Dr.Mustafa Ergün
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The organized patterns of behavior and
perception are called schemata.
(sucking, concepts of justice,
conservation..)
Assimilation: the person imposes his
existing schemata or structures on
present experience. Quantitative change
in existing schemata
Accommodation: The process of
changing one’s actions to fit a new
situation. Qualitative change.
20.07.2015
Prof.Dr.Mustafa Ergün
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Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development
Developmental
Stage &
Approximate
Age
Characteristic Behavior
Sensory
Motor
Period
(0 - 24
months)
Reflexive Stage (0-2 months)
Simple reflex activity such as grasping, sucking.
Primary Circular Reactions (2-4 months)
Reflexive behaviors occur in stereotyped
repetition such as opening and closing fingers
repetitively.
Secondary Circular Reactions (4-8 months)
Repetition of change actions to reproduce
interesting consequences such as kicking one's
feet to more a mobile suspended over the crib.
20.07.2015
Prof.Dr.Mustafa Ergün
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Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development
Developmental
Stage &
Approximate
Age
Characteristic Behavior
Sensory
Motor
Period
(0 - 24
months)
Coordination of Secondary Reactions (8-12
months)
Responses become coordinated into more
complex sequences. Actions take on an
"intentional" character such as the infant reaches
behind a screen to obtain a hidden object.
Tertiary Circular Reactions (12-18 months)
Discovery of new ways to produce the same
consequence or obtain the same goal such as the
infant may pull a pillow toward him in an attempt to
get a toy resting on it.
20.07.2015
Prof.Dr.Mustafa Ergün
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Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development
Developmental
Stage &
Approximate
Age
Characteristic Behavior
Sensory
Motor
Period
(0 - 24
months)
Invention of New Means Through Mental
Combination (18-24 months)
Evidence of an internal representational
system. Symbolizing the problem-solving
sequence before actually responding. Deferred
imitation.
20.07.2015
Prof.Dr.Mustafa Ergün
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Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development
Developmental
Stage &
Approximate Age
Characteristic Behavior
The
Preoperational
Period
(2-7 years)
Preoperational Phase
(2-4 years)
Increased use of verbal representation but
speech is egocentric. The beginnings of
symbolic rather than simple motor
play. Transductive reasoning. Can think
about something without the object being
present by use of language.
20.07.2015
Prof.Dr.Mustafa Ergün
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Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development
Characteristic Behavior
Developmental
Stage &
Approximate Age
Intuitive Phase (4-7 years)
The
Speech becomes more social, less
Preoperational egocentric. The child has an intuitive grasp of
Period
logical concepts in some areas. However, there
is still a tendency to focus attention on one aspect
(2-7 years)
of an object while ignoring others. Concepts
formed are crude and irreversible. Easy to
believe in magical increase, decrease,
disappearance. Reality not firm. Perceptions
dominate judgment.
In moral-ethical realm, the child is not able to
show principles underlying best behavior. Rules
of a game not develop, only uses simple do's and
20.07.2015
Prof.Dr.Mustafa
Ergün
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don'ts imposed
by authority.
Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development
Characteristic Behavior
Developmental
Stage &
Approximate Age
Period of
Concrete
Operations
(7-11 years)
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Evidence for organized, logical thought. There is the
ability to perform multiple classification tasks, order
objects in a logical sequence, and comprehend the
principle of conservation. thinking becomes less
transductive and less egocentric. The child is capable
of concrete problem-solving.
Some reversibility now possible (quantities moved can
be restored such as in arithmetic: 3+4 = 7 and 7-4 = 3,
etc.)
Class logic-finding bases to sort unlike objects into
logical groups where previously it was on superficial
perceived attribute such as color. Categorical labels
such as "number" or animal" now available.
Prof.Dr.Mustafa Ergün
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Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development
Characteristic Behavior
Developmental
Stage &
Approximate Age
Period of
Formal
Operations
(11-15 years)
20.07.2015
Thought becomes more abstract, incorporating the
principles of formal logic. The ability to generate
abstract propositions, multiple hypotheses and their
possible outcomes is evident. Thinking becomes
less tied to concrete reality.
Formal logical systems can be acquired. Can
handle proportions, algebraic manipulation, other
purely abstract processes. If a + b = x then x = a b. If ma/ca = IQ = 1.00 then Ma = CA.
Prepositional logic, as-if and if-then steps. Can use
aids such as axioms to transcend human limits on
comprehension.
Prof.Dr.Mustafa Ergün
10
Language
Acquisition
20.07.2015
Prof.Dr.Mustafa Ergün
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One of the most significant
achievements of childhood is
the acquisition of language.
There are very few, if any,
cognitive skills that can
compare to language in
complexity and usefulness.
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Prof.Dr.Mustafa Ergün
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The process seems nearly
magical: gooing, cooing,
babbling one day, then a word
or two, then “Why is the sky
blue, Daddy, why is the sky
blue?” -and all in the span of
just a few months time.
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Prof.Dr.Mustafa Ergün
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How do human
acquire language?
What happens in
language acquisition?
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Prof.Dr.Mustafa Ergün
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Infants create speech sounds spontaneously.
They come into the world eith a cry, and
make noise with disturbing regularity forever
after. At about the age of 6 months, random
cries and noises are replaced by the more
regular sounds of babbling.
All babies babble in the same general way. An
adult cannot distinguish the babbling of a Chinese
infant from that of a Turkish infant or an
American infant. Even deaf infants produce
babbling sounds that are indistinguishable from
those of hearing children.
20.07.2015
Prof.Dr.Mustafa Ergün
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The acquisition of
vocabulary
follows soon after
babbling begins.
In all cases,
comprehension,
or understanding
comes before
production.
20.07.2015
That is, children
understand and
respond
appropriately to the
meaning of
utterances long
before they are able
to produce those
utterance
themselves.
Prof.Dr.Mustafa Ergün
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The appearance of a child’s first word or
two at about the age of 1 year. Once it
begins, word and morpheme (meaning)
acquisition is truly remarkable. A 1-yearold may produce only two or three words.
By the age of 2 years, word production is
up to about 50. In terms of
comprehension, bt the age 2½, a child
understands 200-300 words; by the age 3
over 1000, by the age 6, somewhere
between 8000 and 14000 words.
20.07.2015
Prof.Dr.Mustafa Ergün
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At about the age of 2 years, we can
note the appearance of two-word
utterances.
From the point of the two-word
utterance on, language
development -syntax developmentis so rapid that it is difficult even to
note the stages through which the
process passes.
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Prof.Dr.Mustafa Ergün
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Theories of Acquisition
No one will claim that language emerges
free of the influence of learning,
experience, conditioning, reinforcement,
and the like.
Some of the meaning of words comes from classical
conditioning. The use of some words and morphemes
is reinforced and the use of others is not, as operant
conditioning predicts. Some vocabulary growth results
from observational learning.
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Prof.Dr.Mustafa Ergün
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Biologically oriented theories
(Chomsky) suggest that there
must be some innate,
“prewired” biological
mechanism that compels the
child to seek out and apply
rules during acquisition.
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Prof.Dr.Mustafa Ergün
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The basic argument for an innate
predisposition for the acquisition of
language rules comes comes largely from
the orderliness of language development.
The ages of the children are not
always the same, but with uncanny
regularity, children everywhere go
about acquiring their different
languages in virtually the same
pattern.
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Prof.Dr.Mustafa Ergün
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