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İLERİ ÇOCUK GELİŞİMİ VE
ERİNLİK PSİKOLOJİSİ
Prof.Dr.Mustafa Ergün
Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi
Eğitim Fakültesi
21.07.2015
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KAVRAMSAL AÇIKLAMALAR
Evren, canlılar ve insan
Psikoloji = Ruhbilim “Ruh” ve ruhlar
Gelişim psikolojisi (developmental psychology)
Öğrenme: neyi, niçin, nasıl
KALITIM VE ÇEVRE
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Growth
and
Change
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We all begin
existence as a
single fertilized
egg, and from that
moment until the
time we die we are
continuously
changing.
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Growth
and
Change
Physical development
Perceptual development
Cognitive development
Emotional development
Social development
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Our bodies consist of many
Child’s
trillons of cells, all
physical
descendants
of
a
single
development
fertilized egg that must
contain the information
necessary to construct a
human being. This
information resides in the
nukleus of the cell in
twenty-three pairs of
chromosomes.
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Child’s
physical
development
The functional unit
of the chromosome
is the gene; every
chromosome
consists of many
thousands of genes.
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Prenatal
Development
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Approximately five
hundred thousand ova are
present in the female’s
body from birth. An ovum
is the largest cell of the
human body; it is
approximately the size of
the head of a pin.
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Prenatal
Development
When an ovum is
fertilized, the pairs
(chromosomes) are
reconstituted in a single
cell called a zygote, with
one member of each new
pair coming from each
parent.
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This cell divides and redivides, with
each division doubling the previous
number of cells. Just before a cell
divides, it duplicates all of its parts; it
produces a dublicate set of
chromosomes, with one set going to
each of the two new cells... Thus, a
single cell develops into a complex
organism consisting of thousands of
different kinds of cells.
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The mass of dividing
Prenatal
cells begins to
Development
differentiate into various
kinds of tissues. At this
moment, when the cells
begins to specialize, the
organism becomes an
embryo.
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Prenatal
Development
By the time the
embryo becomes a
fetus, it is
approximately human
in appearance. By the
time the fetus is born.
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Prenatal
Development
Approximate Timetable of Prenatal Development
Prenatal development is divided into
three trimesters. During the first two
months the developing human is referred
to as an embryo. The embryo has three
layers from which all body organs
develop.
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Approximate Timetable of Prenatal Development
During the second trimester the
developing human is referred to as a
fetus. During the third trimester, the
individual is a baby.
Prenatal
Development
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Approximate Timetable of Prenatal Development
Early formation of three layers of cells: (1) the
ectoderm, from which sense organs and
nervous system will develop (2) the mesoderm,
from which circulatory, skeletal and muscular
systems will develop (3) the endoderm, from
which digestive and some glandular systems
will develop..
Development of intestinal tract,
lungs, liver and kidneys begins.
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Approximate Timetable of Prenatal Development
Bones and muscle begin to
round out contours of
body. Face and neck develop
and begin to give features a
human appearance.
Limb buds elongate. Muscles
and cartilage develop. Sex
organs begin to form.
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Approximate Timetable of Prenatal Development
Sexual differentiation continues.
Vocal cords appear; digestive
system shows activity. Stomach
cells begin to secrete fluid; liver
pours bile into intestine. Kidneys
begin functioning, with urine
gradually seeping into amniotic
fluid.
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Approximate Timetable of Prenatal Development
Lower parts of body show relatively accelerated rate, so that
head size decreases from one-half to one-fourth of body
size. Reflexes become more active as muscular maturation
continues. Fetus begins to stir and so thrust out arms and
legs in movements readily perceived by the mother.
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Approximate Timetable of Prenatal Development
Skin derivatives also
appear -- hair, nails on
fingers and toes. Bony axis
becomes quite straight and
much spontaneous activity
occurs. Fetus is lean and
wrinkled.
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Approximate Timetable of Prenatal Development
Eyelids which have been fused
shut since third month,
reopen; eyes are completely
formed. Taste buds appear on
tongue and in mouth and are,
in fact, more abundant than in
the infant or adult.
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Approximate Timetable of Prenatal Development
Organism capable of
independent life from this time
on. Cerebral hemispheres cover
almost the entire brain. Sevenmonth fetus can emit a variety of
specialized responses.
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Approximate Timetable of Prenatal Development
During this time, finishing touches are being
put on the various organs and functional
capacities. Fat is formed rapidly over the
entire body, smoothing out the wrinkled skin
and rounding out body contours. Activity is
usually great and he can change his position
within the somewhat crowded uterus. ... and
the fetus is eventually expelled from the
womb into an independent physiological
existence.
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