Transcript Aug 1862- May 1863

VIII. And the Blood Pours
A. Road to
nd
2
Manassas
• Lincoln reshuffles the army
– In July 1862, Henry Halleck is appointed the new
General-in-Chief
– Combines the armies of Banks, McDowell, and Freemont
into the army of Virginia (Gen. Pope commanding)
• Lee takes a chance
– Divides the army
– Sends half of his army, under Jackson, around Bull Run
Mt. and in behind Pope’s army
– Lee and Gen. James Longstreet keep Pope occupied
B.
nd
2
Battle of Manassas
Day 1
1) Jackson Marches 60 miles in 2 days to pilfer
Pope’s supplies- burn the rest at Manassas Junction
2) Jackson moves to Centerville
3) Pope dispatches Union forces under Generals
Heintzelman and Reno to pursue Jackson
4) Expecting reinforcements, Jackson makes a stand
at Groveton
5) Jackson attacks Union forces at Browner’s Farm
6 & 7) Sigel & Porter converge on Jackson
8) Pope has Jackson cornered, but Longstreet arrives
Day 2
1) Pope attacks, Jackson holds his ground
2) Longstreet surprises Pope with a massive artillery
barrage on the Union left flank
3 & 4) Longstreet slams the Union left flank and
captures Bald Hill
5) Union forces form a defensive line on Henry
House Hill
6) Jackson strikes hard on the Union right flank
7) Pope orders a retreat to Centerville
C. Captain’s Report
• General John Pope
• 70,000
• 14,154 casualties
•
•
•
•
Robert E. Lee
55,000
8,397 casualties
CSA Victory
D. Road to Antietam
• Lee invades the north
– Crosses over the Potomac in Maryland
– CSA is on the offensive
– CSA high water mark- this is the closest the CSA come
to winning the war
• South has the advantage in both the east & the west
• Braxton Bragg replaces the ill Beauregard as overall
commander in the west
– Good friend of Jeff Davis
• Great Britain was on the verge of recognizing the
CSA. They waited to see how Lee would do with
his invasion
E. Special Order 191
• The order laid out the entire plan of attack for the
CSA army
– Lee sent copies to his commanders
– Jackson had it copied and sent it to his subordinates
– D.H. Hill’s copy was wrapped around 3 cigars and left at
a campsite in Frederick, MD
• Special Order 191 was discovered by Cpl. Barton W.
Mitchell of the 27th IN
– Orders were sent straight to McClellan
– McClellan now had the power to end the war in the next
24 hours
– He did nothing for 16 hours
• JEB Stuart informed Lee of the missing
orders and McClellan’s inaction allowed
Lee to make adjustments
• Lee shifted his army to the nearby town of
Sharpsburg, MD
• Jackson had already been sent to capture
Harper’s Ferry & rejoin Lee at Sharpsburg
F. Battle of Antietam (Sharpsburg)
1) Gen. Joseph Hooker’s I Corps attack Jackson at
Miller’s Cornfield
2) Mansfield’s XII Corps advance on the CSA at the
Dunker Church
3) CSA repulse Mansfield
4) Sumner advances his men in the west woods
where CSA forces turn them back
5) Union attack CSA at the sunken road
–
–
–
AKA “Bloody Lane”
2200 casualties in 20 minutes
5,600 casualties in 4 hours
Dunker Church
Bloody Lane
6) Gen. Ambrose Burnside wastes 3 vital hours trying
to cross Antietam Creek (Burnside’s Bridge)
7) Gen. Rodman finally crosses down stream as
Burnside joins him to attack Longstreet’s men on
the south flank
8) A.P. Hill arrives from Harper’s Ferry to save the
CSA from complete annihilation
Burnside’s
Bridge
G. Captain’s Report
• George B. McClellan
• 70,000
• 12,410 casualties
• Robert E. Lee
• 38,000
• 13,724 casualties
Draw
The Bloodiest Single Day of the War
H. Emancipation Proclamation
• Lincoln decided that he needed to issue a
proclamation to free the slaves
• He decided that he would only free the slaves in the
states of rebellion
– WHY?
• Lincoln needed a victory to legitimize his
proclamation- Antietam would have to do
• Issued Sept. 26, 1862, and took effect Jan. 1, 1863
• The proclamation accomplished two things
– Changed the focus of the war to slavery
– Prevented British intervention on behalf of the CSA
I. CSA Advances in the West
• After Halleck takes command in Washington DC, he
establishes 2 major western armies
– Army of the Tennessee (Grant)
– Army of the Cumberland (Buell)
• Bragg now moves into Kentucky and seizes
Richmond
• Bragg, however, allows Buell to get in between him
and the Ohio River resulting in the Battle of
Perryville
• During the battle, neither Buell nor Bragg know
what is going on until the battle is over- the Union
win a decisive victory thanks to Gen. Phillip
Sheridan
J. Aftermath of the Invasion
• With Lee’s army heading back across the Potomac
after Sharpsburg, the North must act quickly to
destroy the CSA
• McClellan instead waited 6 weeks to cross the
Potomac and advance on Lee- McClellan is at last
removed from command
• Replacing McClellan is Ambrose Burnside
– He is very reluctant
– Has a one-track mind
• General William S. Rosecrans replaces Buell in the
west
•
•
•
Burnside will prove to be the next in a long line of
inept Union generals
Burnside reorganizes the army into Grand
Divisions- this causes utter confusion throughout
the ranks
The Union will establish 3 armies with 3
objectives
1. Army of the Potomac (Burnside)
- Lee in Virginia
2. Army of the Cumberland (Rosecrans)
- Bragg south of Nashville
3. Army of the Tennessee (Grant)
- Gen. John C. Pemberton in Vicksburg
K. Fredericksburg
• Burnside sets up camp along the banks of the
Rappahannock River
• Burnside needs to cross the river to catch Lee
without his full force
• Burnside decides to wait for pontoon bridges to
cross the river
– Bridges arrive late
– Burnside loses a fortnight
• In the meantime, Jackson and Longstreet join Lee to
form a 7 mile front with 75,000 men
L. Battle of Fredericksburg
1) Under sniper fire, engineers struggle to assemble
the pontoon bridges
2) The lower bridges are completed
3) Gen. Franklin attacks CSA right flank. Gen.
Pelham’s artillery holds for 2 hours
4) Gen. George Meade’s attack is initially successful,
but CSA counterattacks drive him back
5) Gen. Sumner is ordered to launch wave after wave
up Marye’s Heights. Sumner’s men are
massacred. Burnside retreats back across the
Rappahannock
Sumner
2
5
1
Meade
4
3
Jackson
M. Captain’s Report
• Ambrose Burnside
• 120,000
• 12,653 casualties
CSA
Victory
• Robert E. Lee
• 75,000
• 5,309 casualties
N. Murfreesboro
• Typical winter soldier movement
– Moved very little WHY?
– Established winter camps
• Strategic
• Accessible
• Easily Defensible
• Contains resources
• Bragg set up winter camp at Murfreesboro
– Major rail junction
• Rosecrans moves into Murfreesboro to face
the Army of Tennessee
O. Battle of Murfreesboro (Stones River)
1. At dawn, Bragg launches his attack at Widow
Smith House- turning the Union right flank
2. Gen. Phillip Sheridan holds off CSA attacks until
he runs out of ammunition
3. Gen. George H. Thomas forms a new defensive
line at a right angle to the old one
4. Col. Hazen’s artillery hold their position
5. Day 1 ends with the Union forming a salient
around Rosecrans HQ
6. Gen. John C. Breckinridge attacks in open field
and is attacked by Union artillery
7. Union cross the river and stop the CSA advance
P. Captain’s Report
• William S. Rosecrans
• 41,000
• 12,906 casualties
Draw
• Braxton Bragg
• 35,000
• 11,739 casualties
Rosecrans
4
Sheridan
3
Thomas
Thomas
2
1
Polk
Hardee
Bragg
Q. Chancellorsville
• Union changes commanders
– “Fighting” Joe Hooker
– Hard living/Hard drinking
– Aggressive & Arrogant
• Hooker plan
– Leave 2 corps in Fredericksburg to challenge Lee’s army
– 3 corps would move around Lee’s left and rear
– Cavalry would perform raids and cut CSA lines of
communication
• Lee responds by not taking the bait & uses the
cavalry to screen his position
R. Battle of Chancellorsville
•
Lee divides his army
–
–
–
Leaves 15,000 in Fredericksburg
Takes 45,000 to Chancellorsville
Gives Stonewall 26,000 to execute a flank march
1. Jackson begins his 13 mile flank march around the
Union
2. Lee distracts Hooker with small diversionary
attacks
3. Jackson arrives on the Union flank at 6pm
4. Jackson orders an all-out assault on a surprised
Gen. O.O. Howard’s XI corps
5. XI corps make a final stand at Wilderness Church
to buy some time
6. Gen. Dan Sickles retreats to Hazel Grove and
repels CSA advances
7. Sickles is aided by Union artillery at Fariview
Cemetery- Union retreats as darkness halts CSA
advances for the day
8. At 9:30pm, Jackson goes out on a scouting
mission. He and his group are mistaken for Union
cavalry. His own men shoot and wound Jackson in
the left arm. He dies on May 10 from pneumoniaHis last words were: “Let us cross over the river
and rest beneath the shade of the trees.”
S. Captain’s Report
• Joseph Hooker
• 134,000
• 16,792 casualties
• Robert E. Lee
• 60,000
• 12,763 casualties +
Stonewall Jackson
CSA
Victory