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America’s Greatest Crisis:
The Civil War
The Causes of, The Battles &
Reconstruction
Peter Morris
8th Grade Social Studies
Sheridan Middle School
Essential Questions for this Unit
Explain how differences
between the North and
the South led to the Civil
War.
Examine reasons why
soldiers fought and died
for the North and South.
Determine the factors that
kept the South from being
crushed early in the war.
“A house divided
cannot stand”
- Abraham Lincoln
Wednesday, January 25, 2012
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Warm-Up: Name one compromise you have made
with a teacher or parent.
Cornell Notes: Bleeding Kansas
Obj: As a result of this
Bleeding Kansas, p. 452.-455
lesson students will be
Geography & History Activity:
able to explain
between the
Population Density of the South differences
North & South.
DOLs: Given a
population density map,
students will be able to
interpret advantages the
The Road to Civil War
Secede: to
leave or
withdraw
VIII. The Civil War
A. The Road to Civil War
1. Compromises to avoid conflict.
a) Northern free-states and Southern
slave-states made compromises to
avoid war.
b) The Missouri Compromise of 1820
kept the balance between slave and
free states in the Senate.
c) New states were added 2 at a time,
1 slave & 1 free until California.
d) When California entered as a free
state in 1850 some Southerners
began to talk of secession.
The Road to Civil War
VIII. A. 1. Compromises to avoid conflict
e) After seven months of debate in
Congress the Compromise of 1850 is
reached:
i. California enters as a free state.
ii. New Mexico could be a slave state.
iii. Slave trade abolished in
Washington, D.C.
iv. There would be a stronger fugitive
slave law.
f) Passage of the Fugitive Slave Act
angered many Northerners.
g) Northern juries refused to convict
people accused of breaking this law.
The Road to Civil War
VIII. The Civil War
A. The Road to Civil War
2. Bleeding Kansas
a) As settlers populated Kansas and
Nebraska, the South was worried they
would be free states.
b) The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854
allowed the people to decide.
c) Proslavery and antislavery groups
rushed into Kansas to influence voting.
d) With only 1500 settlers in Kansas, 6000
votes were cast (mostly proslavery).
e) The two sides began fighting. John
Brown is accused of killing proslavery
settlers.
The Road to Civil War
VIII. The Civil War
A. The Road to Civil War
3. New Challenges to Slavery
a) The Republican Party is created to challenge
proslavery Democrats.
b). Dred Scott, a former slave whose owner died in
a free state was forced to return to slavery by the
Supreme Court.
c) More Northerners support the abolitionists.
d) Abraham Lincoln runs for U.S. Senate in Illinois
and is defeated by Stephen A. Douglas after
several famous debates.
e) On October 16, 1859 John Brown leads a raid
on Harpers Ferry, VA to arm slaves.
f) The plan fails, Brown is captured by Robert E.
Lee of the U.S. Army. Brown is hanged and
becomes a martyr for the abolitionist cause.
Dred Scott Exit Ticket
Argument to the justices of the Supreme
Court: Explain why Dred Scott should
remain free or returned to slavery.
Why did John Brown’s raid fail?
Abraham Lincoln
Our Greatest President??
Lincoln had served only 1 term in
Congress before election his as
President in 1860.
He does not want to go to war but
will not let the South secede.
Despite numerous losses by the
Union army, he keeps the Union
together & leads the fight against
the Confederates.
At Gettysburg, he dedicates the
cemetery & gives his most famous
speech: The Gettysburg Address
Lincoln outlines a plan to ease
freed slaves into society but is
assassinated on April 10, 1865.
TheVIII.Road
to
Civil
War
The Civil War
Homework tonight:
A. The Road to Civil War
Summary of these
4. The Election of 1860
Notes!
a) After John Brown’s Raid on Harper’s Ferry the issue
of slavery divided the Democratic Party.
i) Northern Democrats nominated Stephen A. Douglas
as a moderate. Douglas favored popular sovereignty.
ii) Southern Democrats nominated John Breckinridge
who had an extreme pro-slavery stance.
b) Moderates from the North and South nominated
John Bell forming the Union Party.
c) After 13 ballots at the convention, the Republican
Party nominated Abraham Lincoln, a moderate.
d) With the Democratic Party split, Lincoln won the
election. He was not on the ballot in the South.
The
Road
to
Civil
War
VIII. The Civil War
A. The Road to Civil War
5. The South Secedes
a) Southerners felt they could not trust the Republicans.
b) South Carolina was the first state to secede.
c) Both sides tried to compromise, but more states
seceded. The South used States Rights as an excuse.
d) The South creates the Confederate States of America.
e) The sitting U.S. President, or lame duck, Buchanan did
not stop the South from seceding.
f) When Lincoln was inaugurated, he pleaded for reentry.
g) At Fort Sumter, SC, the Confederates demanded the
surrender of the Fort. The Union sent supplies.
h) The Confederates attacked Fort Sumter on April 12,
1861. The U.S. Army surrendered the fort and the war
had begun.
Summary: Causes of the Civil War
Free-state, Slave-state compromises were
made to keep the Senate even.
Fugitive Slave Act angers Northerners.
Bleeding Kansas began bloodshed over
slavery.
John Brown’s raid on Harper’s Ferry &
following execution angers both sides.
After Lincoln’s election in 1860 Southern slave
owners panicked & called for secession.
The Two Sides: 476-479
As you read identify:
1. Why did both sides want the border states to
join their cause?
2. Identify two strengths for both the North and
South as the war started.
The Union = The North = Yankees (who wore
Blue Uniforms) Nickname: Billy Yank
Confederates = The South = Rebels (who wore
Grey Uniforms) Nickname: Johnny Reb
Comparing North & South
Northern Disadvantages
Southern Disadvantages
Comparing North & South
Northern Advantages
A much larger
population.
More ships & the
entire U.S. Navy
Almost all
manufacturing
Better railroads
Abraham Lincoln
Southern Advantages
Superior military
leadership.
Home field
advantage.
Strong support from
whites.
The Two Sides
North
The Union
United States
Blue
South
Confederates
Rebels
Grey
The Blue & the Grey: WAR!
North: Bull
Run
South:
Manassas
“Stonewall”
Jackson!
VIII. The Civil War
B. Battles of the Civil War
1. The First Battles 1861
a) Both sides thought the war would end quickly.
b) The First Battle of Bull Run/Manasses
i) In July 1861 the Union Army marched south to
Virginia to attack the Rebels.
ii) Politicians & tourists from Washington traveled to
watch the battle.
iii) Confederate Gen. Jackson’s troops hold out “like a
stone wall”. They then counterattacked the Yankees.
iv) The Confederate victory shocked the North.
c) Abraham Lincoln called for one million soldiers and
put Gen. McClellan in charge of the Army of the East.
TheVIII.Blue
&
the
Grey:
WAR!
B. Battles of the Civil War
1. The First Battles
d) The North created a blockade of Southern ports.
e) The first naval battle of iron ships was the Monitor
vs. the Merrimack. Neither ship was sunk.
2. War in the West (along the Mississippi River)
a) Both sides want control of the Mississippi River.
b) Union General Ulysses S. Grant captured three
Confederate forts and forced them out of Kentucky.
c) At Shiloh, Grant pushed the Rebels back despite
huge casualties for both sides.
d) The North won another important victory by
capturing New Orleans sealing off the Mississippi.
e) The South now had no way to ship its exports.
TheVIII.Blue
&
the
Grey:
WAR!
B. Battles of the Civil War
3. War in the East: The Union offensive in Virginia
a). Lincoln ordered Gen. McClellan to attack Richmond,
the capital of the Confederacy, but McClellan was very
cautious & would not commit his army to a full battle.
b). General Robert E. Lee commanded the Confederate
Army of Virginia.
i) Lee’s smaller army pushed the Union back.
ii) The Rebels won again at the 2nd Battle of Bull Run.
iii) By September 1862, the Rebels had pushed the
Union out of Virginia & planned an attack on Maryland.
c) The Battle of Antietam, September 17, 1862
i) McClellan received Lee’s orders but was cautious.
ii) In the bloodiest day in American history 23,000
casualties resulted in a marginal Union victory.
Blood Flows on the Antietam: 09/17/1862
The Union started their attack
against a strong Rebel defense.
“Fighting Joe” Hooker’s troops
pushed the Confederates back.
The Rebels
These photos by held behind this
sunken road
Matthew Brady
brought home the called “Bloody
Lane”.
terrible reality of
the war to millions
At the end of the day the Union could
of Americans. have surrounded the Rebels but Gen.
Burnside used this bridge instead of
wading across the Antietam creek.
Blood Flows on the Antietam: 09/17/1862
After Antietam, General Lee and the Confederate Army escaped
back South. 23,000 soldiers were wounded or killed.
Lincoln met Gen. McClellan
after the battle. He used the
battle as a victory to use for
the Emancipation
Proclamation, but was upset
with McClellan’s continued
caution. He replaced him
with Burnside, then Hooker
then Meade.
Lincoln’s View on Slavery
Lincoln wanted slavery to end but hesitated to
move against slavery because of the border
states.
Lincoln’s main goal was to save the Union.
He responded to abolitionists demands to
end slavery with the following speech:
“If I could save the Union without freeing any
slave, I would do it; and if I could save it by
freeing all the slaves I would do it; and if I
could save it by freeing some and leaving
others alone, I would do that.”
Emancipation Proclamation
“…All persons held as slaves within
any state…in rebellion against the
United States, shall be then,
thenceforward and forever free.”
Abraham Lincoln,
January 1, 1863
TheVIII.Blue
&
the
Grey:
WAR!
B. Battles of the Civil War
4. Emancipation
a) The North’s original goal was to preserve the Union
not to destroy slavery.
b) As the war went on Lincoln decided to take action on
slavery but the Union needed a victory.
c) The marginal victory at Antietam allowed Lincoln to
order the Emancipation Proclamation on Jan. 1, 1863:
i) No slaves actually were freed by the Proclamation.
ii) Word of the Proclamation encouraged slaves to
runaway. 150,000 join the Union Army
iii) Britain & France opposed slavery & refused to
support or recognize the Confederacy.
d) The 13th Amendment truly freed the slaves. It was
ratified by Congress in 1865.
People During the Civil War
African Americans began serving in the Union
Army in 1862 but for lower pay.
Women began working in greater numbers
during the war.
Clara Barton & other women served as
nurses during the war.
Soldiers suffered bad food, poor clothing,
sickness & fear. Many soldiers on both sides
began to desert.
Map of the
Conflict on
the
Eastern
Front in
18621863.
Guide to Army Officers & Enlisted Men
Rank of Officers
Major General ***
Lieutenant Gen.**
Brigadier Gen. *
Colonel (Eagle)
Lieutenant Col.
Major
1st Lieutenant
2nd Lieutenant
Officers were usually
well educated, enlisted
men were volunteers or
draftees
Enlisted Men (Soldiers)
Sergeant Major
Sergeant
Corporal
Private First Class
Private
Turning Point: Victories for the North
Turning
Points in
the War
VIII B. 5. The Tide of War Turns
a). Lee & the South continued to move quickly and beat the
Union again & again in 1862 & early 1863.
b). Union Generals Burnside & Hooker failed to defeat General
Lee at Fredericksburg & Chancellorsville despite huge odds.
c). The Union blockade strangled the Southern economy. Lee
was forced to attack the North.
d) Lee’s army met Union General Meade at Gettysburg,
Pennsylvania in July 1863.
i) Union Cavalry arrives first but is pushed back by the Rebels.
ii) The Union kept the high ground when Col. Chamberlain’s
20th Maine holds off the Rebels on the left flank. (July 2)
iii) Lee orders the Rebels to charge anyway. Pickett’s division
is slaughtered. The Union wins the battle. (July 3)
iv) The Confederates escaped but were forced to fight a
defensive war.
e) On July 4th at Vicksburg, TN, the Rebels surrendered,
isolating the western Confederacy.
f) On November 19, 1863, Lincoln gives his famous Gettysburg
address to dedicate the cemetery.
War & the Economy
VIII. B. 6. War & the Economy
a) Both sides financed the war by borrowing money,
increasing taxes & printing money.
b) Both sides faced inflation during the war but the
South had to print much more money causing severe
inflation (hyperinflation).
c) The Northern economy continued to grow. Factory &
farm production grew as demand from the army
grew.
d) The Southern economy suffered. Strangled by the
blockade, they could not import goods they needed
or export their crops.
In a five sentence summary explain how the North’s
economic advantage helped them win the war.
Civil War Medicine: Amputations
Surgeons had few choices when soldiers were shot
by musket balls.
The bullets would lodge in body parts and if they hit
bone would splinter.
The Gettysburg Address
Read The Gettysburg Address, p. 991.
Summarize in one paragraph the main
themes and ideas of Lincoln’s most
famous speech. How did it inspire the
North to continue the war?
Civil War Hero You Should
Know: Philip Henry….
Sheridan was a brilliant cavalry General
serving under General U.S. Grant.
He became famous for fooling the
Rebels who attacked with a 6-1
advantage.
General Sheridan defeated & killed
J.E.B. Stuart, the most famous
Confederate cavalry general.
He also cut-off Robert E. Lee & forced
him to surrender at Appomattox Court
House in April 1865
1st Colorado Volunteers
VIII. B. 7. 1st Colorado Volunteers
a) During the Civil War Colorado was a
free territory
b) Volunteers began joining the 1st
Colorado Cavalry in 1861.
c) Battle of Glorietta Pass, NM 1862
i) Confederates from Texas tried to invade
Colorado for Gold & Silver
ii) The 1st Colorado marched through the
snow to hold the pass & win the battle.
d) In 1864 Major Chivington led a raid on
unarmed Ute & Cherokee at the Sand
Creek Massacre killing ~ 200 people
Andersonville: Prisoners of War
VIII. B. 8. Andersonville & Prisoners of War
a). Hundreds of thousands of soldiers were captured
during battles of the Civil War.
b). Prisoner of War (P.O.W.) Camps were squalid,
disease-ridden temporary sites where many
prisoners on both sides died.
c). Andersonville, SC was a Confederate camp for
captured Union soldiers.
d). P.O.W.s lived without clean water, blankets,
adequate clothing, and with rotten food.
e). In one six month period in 1864, 15,000 of 45,000
P.O.W.s died at Andersonville.
Exit Ticket: Imagine you are the commandant of the
Andersonville Prison Camp. As a rebel officer, what
would you do in this situation?
P.O.W. Simulation
After the Battle of Fredericksburg, over
5,000 Union soldiers were marched
through winter weather 500 miles to
Andersonville, SC.
After months of living in filthy, disease
ridden, rat infested conditions, you are
given the opportunity to write a letter to
your mom.
Viewing Andersonville, S.C.
Final Phases of the War
VIII. B. 9. Final Phases of the War
a). After Vicksburg, Lincoln named Grant commander
of all the Union Armies. Grant moved to D.C.
b). After Gettysburg, Lee could not attack again. Lee’s
army defended Virginia at Petersburg in a 9 month
siege. The North lost thousands of soldiers.
c) At the Battle of the Crater in July 1864, the North
exploded a huge mine under the Rebel lines but the
attack became confused in the smoke.
d) The Petersburg siege continued for 9 months in
brutal, trench warfare causing tens of thousands of
Union casualties while the South starved.
e) In the South, General Sherman’s army led a six
month March to the Sea, destroying much of the
South in its wake.
f) Lincoln won reelection easily in 1864 despite growing
frustration with the war in the North.
The Battle of the Crater
After months of battling
each other in the
trenches, the North
planned a bold attack.
Final Phases of the War
VIII. B. 10. Surrender at Appomattox
a) By the Spring of 1865 Lee’s army was without food
& ammunition. They fled Richmond for the hills.
b) General Sheridan’s cavalry surrounded Lee at
Appomattox Court House on April 9, 1865.
c) Lee surrendered to Grant. Grant let the Southern
soldiers keep their horses & gave them food.
d) Jefferson Davis, President of the CSA was captured
on May 10, 1865 and the war was over.
e) The Union had won a war in which over 600,000
soldiers had died & many in the South would be
bitter the rest of their lives.
f) News traveled slowly but eventually the slaves were
freed.
Reconstruction of the South
VIII. C. Reconstruction of the South
1. Plans for Rebuilding the South
a). In 1863 Lincoln proposed the 10 Percent Plan.
When 10% of voters took an oath of loyalty a state
that banned slavery could reenter the Union
b). Lincoln offered amnesty to white Southerners if
they took the oath of loyalty.
c). Radical Republicans called for a tougher approach
to Reconstruction.
d) Congress approved the Wade-Davis Bill in 1864
i) A majority of white males had to swear loyalty.
ii) Former Confederates could not hold public offices.
iii) Lincoln thought it was too harsh & vetoed the bill.
e) Congress created the Freedmen’s Bureau to help
freed African Americans.
Lincoln’s Assassination
After Lee’s surrender to Grant
at Appomattox, Lincoln took
his wife Mary out to a play to
celebrate.
An actor and
Confederate
spy, John
Wilkes
Booth, shot
Lincoln
The Civil War Amendments
The 13th Amendment (1865) officially
outlawed slavery.
The 14th Amendment (1868) protected
citizens against discrimination by states but
was too unclear to protect African-Americans.
The 15th Amendment (1870)protected the
right to vote, but Southern states created poll
taxes & literacy tests to prevent blacks from
voting.
Congratulations!
You have now finished the longest unit
of the year.
Now is time to study for the Unit 8 Test!