Transcript Chapter 15 - Profspace

Chapter 15
Crucible of War
Civil War
• https://youtu.be/JN1VX_g8JZM
• https://youtu.be/1gfl6rHFUuQ American Civil
War Timeline
Lincoln’s First Inaugural Address
March 1861
• “I have no purpose,
directly or indirectly, to
interfere with the
institution of slavery in
the States where it
exists. I believe I have
no lawful right to do so,
and I have no
inclination to do so.”
Abraham Lincoln and Jefferson Davis
The Spark: Attack on Fort Sumter
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1. Lincoln’s response –
hold Fort Sumter April 1861
he avoided sending military reinforcements
masterfully shifted the decision of war or peace to
Davis.
2. Davis’s responsethe territorial integrity of the Confederacy demanded
the end of the federal presence.
Davis sent Confederate soldiers to bombard the fort
AND forcing Anderson to surrender.
3. Defending the flagLincoln called for 75,000 militiamen to serve for ninety
days to put down the rebellion to defend the Union.
Fort Sumter Today
Interior of Fort Sumter after
Confederate Bombardment April 1861
The Upper South Chooses Sides
1. The difficult choice
- The Upper South had to either fight against the Lower
South or fight against the Union
- Arkansas, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia joined
the Confederacy; in the border states of Delaware,
Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri, Unionism triumphed.
2. Border states
- four of the seceding Upper South states contained
significant numbers of people who felt little affection for the
Confederacy
- dissatisfaction was so rife in the western counties of
Virginia that in 1863, citizens voted to create a new state,
West Virginia, loyal to the union.
The Union and the Confederacy
A. How They Expected to Win
1. The Union’s advantages (see chart p?)
2. The South’s expectations – They could win the
war
despites all of its disadvantage with careful and
strategic
planning.
3. The Confederate strategy- War of Attrition and an alliance
with England.
B. Lincoln and Davis Mobilize
1. Davis’s potential-West Point graduate
2. Lincoln’s experience- No military experience
3. The realities of leadership Davis was not particularly
skilled in diplomacy but Lincoln was a master politician.
4. Supplying armies-The North had the advantage because of
its industry and other resources.
International Diplomacy 1861–1862
1. King Cotton diplomacyThe south thought Europe
was dependent on the south
for their cotton AND drew
them into an alliance to help
the south win the war.
2. Why did Europe remained
neutral? -King Cotton
Diplomacy failed because
Europe could get its cotton
supply from other places.
They were not dependent on
southern cotton.
Union Strategy
Control river systems and split the
Confederacy in half and isolate the 3
sections.
Union Leaders:
General Ulysses S. Grant
Union Army:
Army of the West
Confederate Strategy
Fight a defensive war and drive Union
out of South
USA General
Ulysses S. Grant
Confederate Leader:
Several different generals
Confederate Army:
Army of Tennessee
Abe Lincoln
George McClellan
Ulysses Grant
David Farragaut
George Meade
Joseph Hooker
William T. Sherman
South Leaders
George A. Custer
 Aggressive offensive to crush the rebellion.
– War of attrition: South has less manpower…
 Gen Winfield Scott’s Anaconda Plan
– Control river systems: Ohio and Mississippi
– Blockade and seizure of ports
 War goal:
Preserve Union and later abolish slavery
 Capture Richmond
 Don’t allow Confederacy to rest.
 Defend and delay until Union gives up.
 Quick victories to demoralize Union
 Alliance with Great Britain
 Capture Washington, D.C.
 Defend Richmond
 Sought decisive battle that would convince
the Union it wasn’t worth it
 Use better military leadership to their
advantage and outsmart Union generals.
Jefferson Davis
Stonewall Jackson
Robert E. Lee
Pierre T. Beauregard
Jeb Stuart
James Longstreet
South Leaders
George Pickett
Stalemate in the Eastern Theater 1861–
1862
1. The Battle of Bull Run
2. McClellan and the Union offensive
3. The Seven Days Battle and the Second Battle of
Bull Run
4. The Battle of Antietam
5. The Battle of Fredericksburg
The First Battle of Bull Run: July 1861
• Union troops gathered around Washington
D.C. in hope of seizing Manassas, VA,
which was a vital railroad, but the
Confederate troops aligned the creek
waiting for Union forces at Bull Run. This
was the first large battle of the war. The
Confederate VICTORY.
The Battle of Shiloh: April 6 1862
This battle was the first after the Union
dispersed troops into the West, as well as the
East. The Battle of Shiloh was fought as one of
the battles of the "War in the West." General
Grant led his army into Tennessee and continued
to advance. Confederate forces attacked near
Shiloh, resulting in thousands of casualties
between both armies in two days of
fighting. The Union won the bloodiest battle of
the Civil War, even though they suffered more
losses than the Confederates
Seven Days Battle June 25 – July 1
• Lee started the assault that began the Seven
Days Battle.
• He pushed McClellan's forces back toward the
peninsula.
• Southerner casualty rate was high but Lee had
saved Richmond from Northern capture.
• Confederate Victory!
The Battle of Antietam
• General Lee, commander of the Northern
Virginia Army, moved to strike Union territory in
Maryland. A Confederate messenger dropped
a copy of the battle plans, which was found by a
Union soldier. The Union then learned that
Lee's forces were divided, so General Grant
attacked. Antietam (Sharpsburg) was a day
long battle on September 17, 1862 at Antietam
Creek in Maryland. The battle ended in a draw.
The loss of life was tremendous.
• Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation
after a battle with no clear victor.
Washington, August 22, 1862.
Hon. Horace Greeley:
Dear Sir.
…I would save the Union. I would save it the shortest way under the
Constitution. The sooner the national authority can be restored; the nearer the
Union will be "the Union as it was." If there be those who would not save the
Union, unless they could at the same time save slavery, I do not agree with them.
If there be those who would not save the Union unless they could at the same
time destroy slavery, I do not agree with them. My paramount object in this
struggle is to save the Union, and is not either to save or to destroy slavery. If I
could save the Union without freeing any slave I would do it, and if I could save it
by freeing all the slaves I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing some and
leaving others alone I would also do that. What I do about slavery, and the
colored race, I do because I believe it helps to save the Union; and what I
forbear, I forbear because I do not believe it would help to save the Union…
I have here stated my purpose according to my view of official duty; and I intend
no modification of my oft-expressed personal wish that all men every where
could be free.
Yours,
A. Lincoln.
2nd Battle of Bull Run August 1862
• Confederacy Won
• 11 months after the 1st battle, Union and Confederate
forces again met near Bull Run.
• Battle that saw over four times as many casualties and
had a much bigger impact.
• The Union Army of the Potomac, led by Major General
George B. McClellan, embarked upon a campaign to
advance on Richmond, Virginia, the Confederate
capital.
• Confederate President Jefferson Davis placed General
Robert E. Lee in command of the Confederate army
defending Richmond. Forced Pope’s army to retreat to
Washington. (Washington had recalled McClellan for
insubordination)
Battle of Fredericksburg December
11-15, 1862
• Confederate Victory.
• 17,929 casualties of which 13,353 were Union
soldiers.
• Burnside faced General Lee in an unsuccessful
attempt to move South to launch an attack against
the Southern Capital at Richmond resulted in
overwhelming defeat.
Battle of Fredericksburg
Theaters of War 1861–1862
B. Union Victories in the Western Theater
1. Western goals- Confederacy wanted Missouri and
Kentucky but had no control.
2. Confederate defeats- Battle of Pea Ridge eliminated
all Confederate troops.
3. Tennessee- Grant’s Philosophy- “The art of war is
simple, Find out where your enemy is, get at him as
soon as you can and strike him as hard as you can” He
believed in war as attrition-takes a huge toll in human
life. He emerged as the northern commander.
C. The Atlantic Theater
1. The U.S. Navy- Blockade
2. Confederate innovations-Blockade Runners
3. The blockade tightens Cuts off southern states from
getting supplies in and cotton out
Union and Freedom
A. From Slaves to Contraband
1. Lincoln and black freedom - detested human bondage
2. Congress and slavery policy- abolitionists argued that by seceding,
Southerners had forfeited their right to constitutional protection
- Republican-dominated Congress refused to leave slavery policy
entirely in Lincoln’s hands,
- Confiscation Act- which allowed the seizure of any slave who was
employed directly by the Confederate military.
3. Slaves press for freedom - ran away to Union lines
4. Contraband of war -Union Army needed laborers
- General Benjamin F. Butler called them contraband of war and
detained them.
5. Lincoln’s antislavery initiatives - Policy of noninterference with
slavery gradually crumbled and Lincoln found it impossible to
control federal policy on slavery.
B. From Contraband to Free People
1. The Emancipation Proclamation
2. Criticisms-It did NOT free all slaves. It actually did NOT free any slaves
at all!
• Kept Great
Britain from
siding with
the South
and becoming
an ally.
War was now a war to
•abolish slavery
•destroy the South
• preserve the Union
Emancipation Proclamation Jan 1,
1863
• “…And by virtue of the power, and for the purpose
aforesaid, I do order and declare that all persons
held as slaves within said designated States, and
parts of States, are, and henceforward shall be free;
and that the Executive government of the United
States, including the military and naval authorities
thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of
said persons…”.
• https://youtu.be/zt65UV6Fspc 5:00
The truth about the Emancipation
Proclamation
• Freed slaves in the Confederacy where he had
no authority to enforce the law.
• Slaves were considered contraband if and
when they managed to escape behind Union
lines. This would allow Union soldiers to
confiscate the property of any slave owner.
• Did not free slaves in the border states
because these states were not in rebellion.
Emancipation Proclamation
Call blacks and slaves to join the army
• “…And I further declare and make known, that
such persons of suitable condition, will be
received into the armed service of the United
States to garrison forts, positions, stations,
and other places, and to man vessels of all
sorts in said service…”
Union and Freedom
C. The War of Black Liberation
1. Black soldiers - African Americans in the North
had volunteered to fight
2. Unequal treatment - established segregated
black regiments, paid black soldiers less than
white soldiers
3. Black courage- An astounding 71 percent of
black men ages eighteen to forty-five in the free
states fought as Union soldiers
The South at War
A. Revolution from Above
1. Building the army Jefferson Davis faced the task of
building an army and navy from scratch
2. Economy and finances - Amassing finances proved
tougher; had to build an industrial sector itself
3. Government intrusion - drafting able-bodied white
males, confiscating food and goods for below-market
rates, and legally impressing slaves
-conflicted with the South’s traditional values of
states’ rights
B. Hardship Below
1. The poor- Hardships like the price of flour increased tenfold
2. Class conflict-Yeomen saw an inequality of sacrifice
The Disintegration of Slavery
1. The practical destruction of slavery- Legal
destruction of slavery was the product of
presidential proclamation, congressional
legislation, and eventually constitutional
amendment.
2. Shift in master-slave balance of power-Throughout
the course of the war, slaves undermined white
mastery and expanded control over their own
lives.
Gettysburg and Vicksburg
1863–1865
1. The Siege of Vicksburg -Confederate stronghold of
Vicksburg, on the eastern bank of the Mississippi River,
stood between Union forces and complete control of the
river
2. The Battle of Gettysburg -Union forces had defeated
General Lee at Gettysburg
3. Turning points - Union victories at Vicksburg and
Gettysburg proved to be the turning point of the war;
Confederacy could not replace the nearly 60,000 soldiers
who were captured, wounded, or killed; Lee never
launched another major offensive north of the MasonDixon line.
The Battle of Gettysburg
• July 1-3 1863
• Almost accidentally, Confederate troops
discovered Union Calvary in Gettysburg,
Pennsylvania. The Confederates attacked, paving
the way for the largest battle of the war, lasting
three days. The Union Army won the Battle of
Gettysburg, destroying Lee's hopes of carrying the
fighting further up North.
• https://youtu.be/UJjwb4eyAyo 1:25:54
Battle of Vicksburg July 1863
Grant Takes Command 1863–1865
1. General in chief
2. Fighting in Virginia
3. Sherman’s March to the Sea
DATE
BATTLE
July 1861
Bull Run
June 1862
7 Days
August 1862
Bull Run
*Sept. 1862
Antietam
VICTOR
South
South
RESULT
Union retreats to Wash. D.C.
Manasses
Lee stops McClellan from
taking Richmond
South
Lee stops John Pope
from taking Richmond
Draw
McCellan stops Lee from
taking Washington, D.C.
Lincoln issues Emancipation
Proclamation
*Turning Point battle
Battles in East 1
Gettysburg Address
Four score and seven years ago, our fathers
brought forth upon this continent a new nation:
conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the
proposition that all men are created
equal……Now we are engaged in a great civil
war. . .testing whether that nation, or any
nation so conceived and so dedicated. . . can
long endure. We are met on a great battlefield
of that war…..
Gettysburg Address
We have come to dedicate a portion
of that field as a final resting place
for those who here gave their lives
that that nation might live. It is
altogether fitting and proper that we
should do this…But, in a larger
sense, we cannot dedicate. . . we
cannot consecrate. . we cannot
hallow this ground. The brave men,
living and dead, who struggled here
have consecrated it, far above our
poor power to add or detract.
Gettysburg Address
The world will little note, nor long
remember, what we say here, but
it can never forget what they did
here. It is for us the living, rather,
to be dedicated here to the
unfinished work which they who
fought here have thus far so
nobly advanced. It is rather for us
to be here dedicated to the great
task remaining before us. . .
Gettysburg Address
That from these honored dead we take
increased devotion to that cause for which they
gave the last full measure of devotion. That we
here highly resolve that these dead shall not
have died in vain. That this nation, under God,
shall have a new birth of freedom and that
government of the people, by the people, for the
people, shall not perish from the earth.
On July 4, 1863
* Vicksburg is situated on the eastern bank of the
Mississippi River. This was access to the Port of
New Orleans.
 30,000 Confederate troops defending Vicksburg
surrendered their arms.
 Union forces under Grant waited in the hopes of
starving out the Confederacy to gain control of
the Mississippi River.
 4 days later, the Mississippi River was in the
hands of the Union army.
 Effectively cutting the Confederacy in two.
 https://youtu.be/PuJlh5BTRpg 20:33
Fall of Atlanta
• General Sherman took
command of the Union
Army during the Fall of
Atlanta. Sherman led
troops through Georgia,
seizing and burning
Atlanta, a vital city and
railroad junction, on
September 2, 1864.
Sherman's March to the Sea*
• General Sherman scorched the towns he marched
through on his way towards the Atlantic coast and
up to Virginia. His army followed the "scorched
earth policy," beginning first with Atlanta. They
would burn, tear up railroad tracks, raided and
burned homes, and captured livestock; Ruthless
destruction. Union Army forces Confederate Army
out of the Atlantic port of Savannah, Georgia on
December 22, 1864.
Surrender at Appomattox*
• Sherman continued his burning through North
Carolina with hopes of reaching Virginia. But, General
Lee attempted to halt the Union Army and break
through Grant's lines in Petersburg, VA. The Union
seized Petersburg on April 2, 1865 and then Richmond
on the next day. Union forces cut Lee off from leading
his remaining army to North Carolina. On April 9,
1865, General Lee surrendered to Grant waving the
white flag atop a hill overlooking the Appomattox
River in Virginia. General Grant later accepted General
Lee's surrender in the Appomattox Court House.
Surrender at Appomattox
Transcript of Articles of Agreement
Relating to the Surrender of the Army of
Northern Virginia (1865)
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Appomattox Court House Virginia
April 10, 1865
Agreement entered into this day in regard to the surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia to the
United States Authorities.
1st The troops shall march by Brigades and Detachments to a designated point, stock their Arms,
deposit their flags, Sabres, Pistols, etc. and from thence march to their homes under charge of their
Officers, superintended by their respective Division and Corps Commanders, Officers, retaining
their side Arms, and the authorized number of private horses.
2. All public horses and public property of all kinds to be turned over to Staff Officers designated by
the United States Authorities.
3. Such transportation as may be agreed upon as necessary for the transportation of the Private
baggage of Officers will be allowed to accompany the Officers, to be turned over at the end of the
trip to the nearest U.S. Quarter Masters, receipts being taken for the same.
4. Couriers and Wounded men of the artillery and Cavalry whose horses are their own private
property will be allowed to retain them.
5. The surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia shall be construed to include all the forces
operating with that Army on the 8th inst., the date of commencement of negociation for surrender,
except such bodies of Cavalry as actually made their escape previous to the surrender, and except
also such forces of Artillery as were more than Twenty (20) miles from Appomattox Court House at
the time of Surrender on the 9th inst.
The Confederacy Collapses
1. Abandoning the rebellion- Confederates turned their
backs on the rebellion because they had been battered
into submission
2. The end of the war - On February 1, 1865, Sherman’s
troops stormed out of Savannah into South Carolina; Lee
abandoned Petersburg on April 2, and Richmond fell the next
day; Grant pursued Lee for one hundred miles until Lee
surrendered on April 9, 1865, at Appomattox Court House,
Virginia; after four years, the war was over.
3. Lincoln assassinated-Andrew Johnson his vice
president becomes president. He must lead the nation
through reconstruction.
Understanding Gettysburg
• Gettysburg: The Final Measure of Devotion
• https://youtu.be/M1sc6rr4Ls8 44:16