Transcript Purple Cards * Set 1

Purple Cards – Set 1
By: Michaela Stiger
Reform and Culture
• This unit addresses the cultural aspects of the
United States history during the 19th century.
• * In addition, it addresses the reform
movements of the mid-1800s, including
public education, temperance, prison reform,
care of the disabled and women’s rights.
• * Finally, it takes an in-depth study of the
abolition movement.
Major Eras and Events in U.S. History
through 1877
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Abolition
Women’s Rights
Education
Care of the Disabled and Mentally Ill
Prisons
Temperance
Frederick Douglass
• Leading African-American abolitionist,
accomplished orator and writer.
Susan B. Anthony
• Key spokesperson for the 19th century
women’s suffrage movement
• Suffrage – right to vote
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
• Leader of the 19th century women’s suffrage
movement
• Called for the first convention of women’s
movement in Seneca Falls
• Wrote the “Declaration of Sentiments” which
was approved at the Seneca Falls Convention
Political, Social, and Economic
Contributions of Women to American
Society
• Political: began the fight for suffrage
• Social: allowed women to be successful in
other fields
• Economic: fought for women’s rights; they
were able to get the work day reduced to 10
hours a day
Historical Development of the
Abolitionist Movement
• Abolitionist movement worked to end slavery
• 1807 – Congress banned the importation of
African slaves into the United States and then
demand began to end slavery
• 1820 – 1840 – Abolitionists grew in number
• 1840 – 1850 – Abolitionist leaders Frederick
Douglass and Sojourner Truth began to speak
out across the nation; The Underground Railroad
began to make an impact and the Women’s
Movement joined in
Reform Movements
• Public Education
• Opening of public schools
• Primarily in the North as well as
grade schools and colleges
• By churches and other groups
private
Reform Movements
• Temperance
• Organized societies that worked at trying to
stop the drinking of alcohol
• Some states passed laws that made it illegal to
sell alcohol
Reform Movements
• Women’s Rights
• Well organized groups that fought for better
working conditions for women
• Were able to pass a federal law that ordered a
10 hour working day
Reform Movements
• Prison Reform
– Pushed for separate jails for women, men, and
children
– Called for the mission of prisons to be
rehabilitation
Reform Movements
• Care of the disabled
• Building of new hospitals for the mentally ill,
deaf, and blind
Religious Motivation for Immigration
and Influence on Social Movements
• Second Great Awakening
• Brought more denominations that intensified
the lines between classes and regions
• Spawned many of the humanitarian reform
movements; prison reform, women’s rights,
temperance, and abolition of slavery
Developments in Art, Music, and Literature that
are Unique to the American Culture
• Transcendentalism
– An American literary political and philosophical
movement in the early 19th Century
– These men were critics of their contemporary society
for its unthinking conformity and urged each
individual find their independent relation to the
universe
– Particularly utilizing solitude in nature
• Ralph Waldo
• Emerson , author
Developments in Art, Music, and Literature that
are Unique to the American Culture
• Literature
• Emily Dickinson
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Walt Whitman- Leaves of Grass
• Nathaniel Hawthorne – The Scarlet Letter
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Edgar Allan Poe
Developments in Art, Music, and Literature that
are Unique to the American Culture
• Art – Landscapes
• John James Audubon
– Drew American wildlife
Developments in Art, Music, and Literature that
are Unique to the American Culture
• Hudson River School Artists
• Their paintings depict the American landscape
and reflect three themes of America in the 19th
Century:
• Discovery
• Exploration
• Settlement
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• Albert Bierstadt; The Oregon Trail
Developments in Art, Music, and Literature that are
Unique to the American Culture
• MUSIC
• Slave spirituals and gospel music
• “Battle Hymn of the Republic”
• Written at the beginning of the Civil War
• Used music from the abolitionist song, “John Brown’s
Body”
• Became a popular Civil War song of the Union
Army
• Still a well-loved patriotic anthem
Examples of American Art, Music, and
Literature that Reflect Society
• Albert Bierstadt’s
• River
• Landscape
Examples of American Art, Music, and
Literature that Reflect
• Music
– Battle Hymn of the Republic
• Lyrics by Julia Ward Howe
– Dixie
• Lyrics by Daniel Decateur Emmett
Examples of American Art, Music, and
Literature that Reflect Society
• Literature
– Mark Twain
– Samuel Langhorne Clemens (real name)
– American author and humorist. He is most noted
for his novels, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer
(1876), and its sequel, Adventures of Huckleberry
Finn (1885),[2] the latter often called "the Great
American Novel."
Purple Cards- Set 2
By; Michaela Stiger
1803 – 1850
• Manifest Destiny – belief that it was the
destiny of the United States to expand its
borders from “sea to sea” across the North
American continent
Major Elements of Manifest Destiny
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Westward Expansion
War with Mexico
Annexation of Texas
Gold Rush
Northwest Ordinance 1787
• Created an organized system for settlement of
government lands in the Northwest Territory
• Had to be at least 5,000 men who owned at
least 50 acres
• 60,000 people
• An existing form of self-government
Economic, Political, and Social Roots of
Manifest Destiny
• Economic:
– New land for farmers
– New trade routes and markets (Santa Fe Trail)
– New opportunities to start a business
• Political
– Expansion of our nation’s borders/territories
– Expansion of slavery
• Social
– Removal of Native Americans
– Refuge for persecuted groups (Mormons)
Relationship Between the Concept of Manifest
Destiny and the Westward Growth of the
Nation
• The United States government and its citizens
believed that the nation’s destiny or fate was
to expand westward from sea to sea
Causes of the
United States-Mexican War
• Annexation of Texas
• Viewed as a “War of Aggression” by many
Americans
• Causes:
– President Polk’s desire to expand the United States
(Manifest Destiny)
• Border disputes concerning the southern
boundary of Texas (Rio Grande was claimed
by Texas and disputed by Mexico.)
Effects and Impacts of the
United States-Mexican War
• Effects and Impact
– Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) ends the war
• Grants the United States the Mexican territory of New
Mexico, Arizona and California
– United States paid Mexico $10 million for the
Gadsden Purchase to help repay Mexico for the
annexation of Texas in 1845
Areas Acquired to Create the United States
• Louisiana Purchase
• Mexican Cession
– New Mexico, Arizona, California
• Gadsden Purchase
• Oregon Territory
• Alaska Purchase
– Seward’s Folly
Sectionalism
• loyalty to the interests of one's own region or
section of the country, rather than to the
country as a whole
• Regions: North, South, West, Slave States, Free
States
• States: Texas, California, Kansas, Nebraska
• Cities: Washington, D.C.
Physical Characteristics of the Environment and their
Influence on Population Distribution, Settlement
Patterns, and Economic Activities in the US
• Gold in California
– Rush of settlers to California; pushed many American
Indians off their lands; population of California
quickly rises to the amount required for statehood
• California’s proximity to the Pacific Ocean
– Led to an increase of immigration from Asian nations
• Rocky Mountains
• Location between eastern and western parts of
the United States resulted in a need for the
Gadsden Purchase to put in a railroad train for
transport of goods from East to West
Purple Cards-Set 3
By: Michaela Stiger
Missouri Compromise, 1820
• Sponsored by Henry Clay
• Allowed Missouri to enter the Union as a slave
state
• Allowed Maine to enter as a free state
Nullification Crisis, 1828
• Tariff of Abominations: resulted in higher tariffs
• In 1832, a lower tariff was passed
– Still angered South Carolinians, led by John C. Calhoun
– South Carolina declared the federal tariff null and void
within its borders
– Delegates to a special convention urged the state legislature
to take military action and secede from the union if the
federal government demanded customs duties
– To prevent a civil war, Henry Clay proposed the
Compromise Tariff of 1833
– The Government lowers the tariff and backs down
Nullification Crisis, 1828
• Tariff of Abominations: resulted in higher tariffs
• In 1832, a lower tariff was passed
– Still angered South Carolinians, led by John C. Calhoun
– South Carolina declared the federal tariff null and void
within its borders
– Delegates to a special convention urged the state legislature
to take military action and secede from the union if the
federal government demanded customs duties
– To prevent a civil war, Henry Clay proposed the
Compromise Tariff of 1833
– The Government lowers the tariff and backs down
Compromise of 1850
• Sponsored by Henry Clay
• Allowed California to enter the Union as a free state (pleased
the North)
• The rest of the Southwest was left open to slavery,
depending on a vote of the people (popular sovereignty)
who settled there (pleased the South)
• Ended the slave trade in Washington, DC
• Allowed those owning slaves to keep them (pleased both
sides)
• INCLUDED The Fugitive Slave Law
– Required the return of escaped slaves to their owners (pleased
the South, angered the North because they felt it was immoral)
Kansas – Nebraska Act, 1854
• Allowed for Kansas and Nebraska to be
organized on the basis of popular sovereignty
– That is, the people would vote themselves to decide
if they would be Free or Slave
John C. Calhoun
• South Carolina Senator
• Favored states’ rights
• Led opposition in South Carolina to the
protective Tariff of 1828 (Tariff of
Abominations)
Henry Clay
• Senator from Kentucky
• known as “The Great Compromiser” for his
ability to smooth sectional conflict through
balanced legislation
• Sponsored the Missouri Compromise in 1820
– Admitted Missouri as a slave state
– Admitted Maine as a free state
Daniel Webster
• Senator from Massachusetts
• Known as “The Great Orator”
• Worked to create compromises with the
southern states that would delay the start of
the Civil War
Roles Played by Significant Individuals
During the Civil War
• Jefferson Davis
• President of the Confederate States of
America
Ulysses S. Grant
• Commander of the Union Army
• September 1861; he was promoted as a general
• After a series of victories, including the capture of
Vicksburg, Lincoln gave him command of the
Union Army
• He created an overall plan concentrated on
Sherman’s march through Georgia and his own
assault on the Confederate Army in Virginia
• Grant accepted Lee’s surrender in 1865, ending
the war.
Robert E. Lee
• When the South seceded, Lincoln offered Lee the
command of Union forces but Lee refused
• Resigned from the U.S. Army and returned to
Virginia to serve with the Confederate forces
• In 1862, Lee was appointed to command the
Army of Northern Virginia
• His battle strategies are admired to this day, but
he was criticized for having a narrow strategy
centered on his native Virginia
• He surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant at
Appomattox Court House in 1865
Abraham Lincoln
• 16th President of the United States
William Carney
• Served with the 54th Massachusetts Regiment
(Union) during the Civil War
• He was the first black soldier to receive the
award
– Reason for citation: when the 54th’s sergeant was
shot down, this soldier grasped the flag, led the
way to the parapet, and planted the colors there.
When the troops fell back he brought the flag,
under a fierce fire in which he was twice severely
wounded
Philip Bazar
• Was a navy seaman in the Union Navy
• Won the Medal of Honor for his distinguished service
in the Civil War
– Reason for citation: on board the U.S.S. Santiago de Cuba
during the assault on Fort Fisher on January 15, 1865
– As one of a boat crew detailed to one of the generals on
shore
– Bazar bravely entered the fort in the assault and
accompanied his party in carrying dispatches at the height
of the battle
– He was one of six men who entered the fort in the assault
from the fleet
Sectionalism
• Loyalty to local interests instead of national
concerns
• In the United States, the differences between
northern southern, and western areas increased
throughout the early 1800s.
• Different cultures and business practices existed
in the three sections of the country and these
concerns often conflicted.
• Farming was the main livelihood of all three
sections
Major Events of the Civil War
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Firing on Fort Sumter
Fort Sumter, South Carolina
A federal fort in the Charleston Harbor
Was fired upon by Rebel forces to begin the
Civil War
• April 12, 1861
• P.G.T. Beauregard, Confederate
• Major Robert Anderson, Union
Battle of Antietam, 1862
• The Confederacy started to draft soldiers to
meet the demand for the troops and the
Union followed suit in 1863
• The Battle of Antietam was the bloodiest
single-day battle of the war
• Occurred in Maryland on September 17, 1862
• Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation
on September 23, following the Union victory
at Antietam
Battle of Gettysburg
• 1863
• July 1 – 3, 1863
• 92,000 Union troops fought 76,000 Confederate troops
at Gettysburg, PA
• The fate of the Confederacy was sealed on July 4, 1863
with Union victories at Gettysburg (turning back a
Confederate invasion of the North) and Vicksburg
(giving control of the Mississippi River to the Union)
• The war continued for two more years as the South
sought independence and Lincoln demanded union
Siege of Vicksburg
• The North captured this strong hold to gain
control of the Mississippi River and divided
the Southern states.
• 75-day siege
• Northern Army led by Ulysses S. Grant
Emancipation Proclamation
• Changes the nature of the war
• No longer a war only to preserve (keep) the
Union
• Now became a war to free the slaves
• The proclamation freed only the slaves in the
rebelling territories
• Issued in September, 1862, after the Battle of
Antietam
• Went into law January 1, 1863
Assassination of Lincoln
• April 14, 1865
• Shot by John Wilkes Booth
– Actor
– Southern sympathizer
– Had wanted to kill Lincoln and keep the war going
until the South won
• Ford’s Theatre, Washington, DC
Lee’s Surrender at Appomattox Court
House
• Robert E. Lee – Leader of the Confederate
Army
• Ulysses S. Grant – Leader of the Union Army
• Lee surrendered to Grant
• Brings the Civil War to a close
• April 9, 1865
Sectionalism
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Protective Tariffs
Increasing divide between north and south
Manufacturing Society v. Plantation Society
Kansas – Nebraska Act
Missouri Comprise
Civil War
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Secession
Slavery and states’ right
Abraham Lincoln
Confederate States of America
Union
150 years ago.. Dates of the Civil War:
1861-1865
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1861: Fort Sumter, South Carolina
1862: Antietam
1863: Gettysburg
1865: Surrender at Appomattox Court House
Impact of Tariff Policies on Sections of the
United States before the Civil War
• North- high tariffs help the industrial North by
making their prices more competitive against
cheap imports; had most of the nation’s
manufacturing
• Northern response – Northerners liked tariffs
because it caused Americans to buy Americanmade products by increasing the cost of
European imported manufactured goods
• West – the West backed government spending on
internal governments such as new roads and
canals, and they were financed by tariffs
Impact of Tariff Policies on Sections of the
United States before the Civil War
• South – the South, which had little industry and
imported most non-agricultural goods, saw high
tariff as a burden imposed by the more
industrialized and populated north. Sold most of
their cotton to foreign buyer’s on credit.
• Southern response- Southerners opposed tariffs
because the South’s main trade partners were
European nations. High tariffs on raw materials
forced the south to sell their materials for low
prices, while higher price for the products they
purchased from their European trade partners.
Effects of Political, Economic, and Social Factors on Slaves and
Free Blacks
• Sectionalism and Civil War
• Political
• Missouri Compromise – Missouri entered the Union as
a slave state and Maine entered as a free state. This
Missouri Compromise also stated that all new states
entering the Union with a latitude north of the 36.30’
line would be free states.
• Compromise of 1850 – California admitted as a free
state; slave trade abolished in Washington, DC;
stronger fugitive slave laws would be passed to help
slave holders recapture runaway slaves.
Effects of Political, Economic, and Social
Factors on Slaves and Free Blacks
• Southern plantation system – relied on
slavery; slaves had no property and no rights
• Northern industrial economy- slave trade
abolished in north; large population
Effects of Political, Economic, and Social Factors on
Slaves and Free Blacks
• Social
• Religion drew slaves together among
plantatioins; communicated through spirituals
• Racism develops in both the North and South
Impact of Slavery on Different
Sections of the United States
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Sectionalism and Civil War
North
Illegal since the Revolution
Abolitionist societies and newspapers and
Underground Railroad
• Many were ambivalent to the plight of
slaves/free blacks
Impact of Slavery on Different
Sections of the United States
• Sectionalism and Civil War
• South
• Economic factor –slaves viewed as property
and labor supply
• Maintain a way of life
• Considered a states’ rights issue
• Fugitives
Impact of Slavery on Different
Sections of the United States
• Sectionalism and Civil War
• West
• Fight over whether or not to extend slavery
into the territories
• Maintain balances of the free and slave states
in the Senate