Transcript Unit 8 - PowerPoints - The American Civil War

The American Civil War
1861–1865
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How does this painting, Tragic Prelude, represent the debate over
slavery prior to the Civil War?
Abolitionist Movement
• Active in Northern & Western
states before the Civil War.
• Wanted slaves to be freed.
• Some abolitionists favored
relocating them in Africa.
• Many, but not all, believed
African-American slaves
should have the same
freedoms as their owners.
• Southern states opposed the
abolition of slavery, b/c they
needed them for plantations
A Divided Nation
Comparing Northern and Southern Societies
South:
North:
• 9 million people
• 3X that of the South.
• 3 million slaves
• 90 % of American
industry and railroads
were in the North.
• The average Southerner
was not as wealthy as the
average person living in
the North.
• The North also was more
affluent.
• Most immigrants settled
in the North
• Britain and France had
friendly relations with the
Confederacy and
considered aiding the
South.
The Leaders
Jefferson Davis
Abraham Lincoln
• 16th President of the U.S.
•
Opposed the expansion of
slavery.
• A Republican, Lincoln led the
Union during the Civil War.
• John Wilkes Booth assassinated
Lincoln in Washington, D.C., on
April 14, 1865.
• President of the Confederate States
of America.
• During the Mexican War, he had
been an officer in the United States
Army.
• served as the U.S. Secretary of
War.
• When the South surrendered, he
was charged with treason and
prohibited from running for public
office again.
The Generals
Ulysses S. Grant
Robert E. Lee
William T. Sherman
Thomas Jackson
George Meade
James Longstreet
George B. McClellan
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James E.B. Stuart
Anaconda Plan
Strategies
• Goal: halt to Southern trade.
• The plan would impose a blockade.
• Eventually enable the North to control
the Mississippi River
• the army would divide and isolate
sections of the South and capture its
vital cities and the capital in Richmond,
Virginia.
King Cotton
• The Confederacy defensive strategy &
attempted to secure alliances with
more powerful countries such as
Britain & France.
• To do that, the South needed to show
it could win the war. As a result, the
Confederate army attacked Union
territory to draw Union troops away
from the South and to impress
potential allies.
• As the war continued, the Southern
strategy became one of evading the
Union army, prolonging the war, and
inflicting casualties to demoralize the
North.
Weapons of the Civil War
canister shot
artillery projectile
rifled barrel
officer’s sword
Springfield rifle, 1861
(Union)
Although the Union used many types of rifles, this was the most common.
British Enfield rifle, 1853
(Confederacy)
minié ball
Although the Confederacy used many types of rifles, this was the most common.
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Uniforms
• At the beginning of the Civil War, states provided uniforms to
soldiers; and the uniforms were in a variety of colors.
• This led to massive confusion on the battlefield, and often
soldiers fired on their own men.
• War continued each side picked one color.
• USA chose blue & Confederate States of America chose gray.
What were the Major Battles of the
Civil War?
Fort Sumter
April 12, 1861
• First shots fired at Fort Sumter,
SC.
• In the early morning of April
12, 1861, the Confederates
launched an attack.
• Northern troops under
Anderson’s command returned
fire, but were ineffective.
• The Confederacy continued its
attack with prolonged gunfire,
and the Union troops in the fort
surrendered a day later.
First Bull Run/Manassas
July 21, 1861
• The First Battle July 21, 1861, VA.
• The battle lasted about five hours.
• Confederate forces began to retreat
due to losses, except General
Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson who
continued to fight until
reinforcements arrived.
• The reenergized Confederates
pushed McDowell’s forces out of
the area.
• Union casualties were high, almost
three thousand; and the
Confederates suffered two thousand
casualties.
Shiloh
Tennessee
April 6-7, 1862
• April 6 until April 7, 1862 in
Tennessee
• Union troops had found Confederate
General Albert Johnston’s forces
near Corinth Road, but they were
not prepared for an attack. The
Southern troops forced them to
retreat toward the river. Although
the Confederate soldiers had gained
ground, they suffered many losses.
•
2nd the Union army claimed ground
in the early morning, throwing off
Beauregard’s troops.
• The Confederacy, however, had an
exceptional defense and stopped the
Union soldiers before the
Confederates retreated.
Antietam
September 17, 1862
• Also known as the Battle of
Sharpsburg, was fought on
September 16–18, 1862 in
Maryland
• between Union and Confederate
forces under Generals George
McClellan and Robert E. Lee.
• Federal armies brutalized the
Confederacy; the combined
casualties were more than
23,000.
• The Union pushed Lee and his
troops back to Antietam Creek,
but the stubborn Confederate
general counterattacked with all
his troops.
• The two sides fought to a
standstill, and both armies
withdrew.
Fredericksburg
• December 1862, Virginia
• Union General Ambrose
Burnside led a march on
Richmond, but was delayed for
more than two weeks because of
late-arriving supplies.
• General Lee positioned his
army, deploying snipers to pick
off Federal troops.
• Many Union soldiers were left
in the open after crossing
military pontoon bridges, and
they became easy prey for
Confederate troops.
• Burnside had no choice but to
retreat with the remnants of his
army.
The Emancipation Proclamation
January 1, 1863
• President Abraham Lincoln
• 2-part plan that guaranteed freedom to
slaves in the Union & some
Confederate states.
• The Confederate government claimed
Lincoln could not issue laws over
states in which he had no political
control.
• 1st plan, enacted on September 22,
1862, freed slaves in Confederate
states that had not yet rejoined the
Union.
•
2nd part took effect on January 1,
1863, applying to specific states, but
not to the border states such as
Maryland and West Virginia.
Vicksburg
May 2-July 9, 1863
• The lengthy battle began in Warren
County on May 13, 1863,
Mississippi
•
The North and the South
considered Vicksburg an important
stronghold.
• Union General Ulysses S. Grant
launched massive assaults on
Vicksburg and terrorized the
inhabitants.
• Confederates achieved a smalll
victory at Milliken’s Bend against
untrained black troops.
• Federal troops pushed Confederate
forces back as the size of the Union
forces continued to increase. South
surrendered to Grant on July 3,
1863.
Gettysburg •
July 1-3, 1863
Pennsylvania
• began as the Battle of Vicksburg was
ending
•
Confederate General Lee forced federal
troops, under General George C.
Meade’s command, to lose ground as
the Confederate forces attempted to take
the city.
•
Lee planned several attacks, including
attacks at Peach Orchard and Devil’s
Den.
• The Union army fought back, repelling
Confederate attacks and sending them
back to Culp’s Hill.
• Lee was relentless and sent his army
back into battle, but to no avail. He
eventually began a retreat toward
Williamsport.
The Gettysburg Address
November 19, 1863
• Abraham Lincoln
delivered this famous
speech on November 19,
1863
• Soldier’s National
Cemetery in Gettysburg,
Pennsylvania.
• contains only 272 words,
but it is considered one of
the greatest speeches in
American history.
• Union General Grant continued his
march to Richmond, Virginia, planning
to use 3 armies to lay siege to the city.
• Goal: cut Lee’s food and artillery
supply lines and to block a Southern
retreat.
• Grant’s troops encountered Confederate
General Richard Ewell’s soldiers. The
Union forces outnumbered the
Confederate.
• Because of gunfire and the Wilderness’
dry land, forest fires were sparked.
Confederates achieved some success
and inflicted Union casualties.
• Grant refused to retreat and continued
his march to Richmond.
Wilderness
May 5-7, 1864
Cold Harbor
• lasted from May 31 to June 12,
1864, in Hanover County,
Virginia.
• . As in the Battle of Wilderness,
Grant battled on, launching his
soldiers at the Confederacy.
• The Grant-led army suffered
almost five thousand losses.
Grant’s march to Richmond had
been thrown off, so now he
attempted to regain footing in
Petersburg.
Sherman’s March to the Sea
November 15-December 20, 1864
• Union General William T. Sherman
already had captured Atlanta, but he
wanted to leave sixty thousand troops
there while he marched the rest of his
army to the Atlantic Ocean through
Savannah, Georgia.
As the Union army moved through
the South, they destroyed train tracks
by heating the rails and bending them
into a bow. This became known as
“Sherman’s Neckties”
• Confederate General John Hood had
led troops in a raid on Tennessee,
leaving Sherman’s soldiers to face
fewer than 5,000 Confederate soldiers.
• Sherman’s troops burned buildings
and infrastructures along the way,
destroying many towns and cities.
• Sherman’s troops defeated the
depleted Confederate army and took
Savannah on December 22, 1864.
Surrender at
Appomattox
• General Lee surrendered his
Confederate army at
Appomattox Court House,
Virginia, on April 9, 1865.
• In a sign of respect, Grant
allowed Lee to keep his
saber and horse.
• General Joseph Johnston was
the last Confederate general
who continued to fight. He
still believed that the South
could win the war.
• Johnston’s troops eventually
fell to federal troops, and he
surrendered to General
Sherman on April 26, 1865.
Assassination of Lincoln
• He was killed on April 14, 1865,
while attending a play at Ford’s
Theatre in Washington, D.C., with
his wife and two other people.
•
Lincoln was watching Our
American Cousin when John
Wilkes Booth shot him in the back
of the head.
• Booth was a loyal Confederate,
and he thought the Confederacy
could triumph if Lincoln were
dead. Booth jumped off the
balcony and broke his ankle, but
managed to escape the theater.
• Lincoln died of his fatal wound
the next morning.
The Trial and Execution of the Conspirators
• The conspirators in the assassination of
President Lincoln were Mary Surratt, Lewis
Powell, David Herold, George Atzerdot,
Michael O’Laughlen, Samuel Arnold, Edman
Spangler, and Dr. Samuel Mudd.
• They were tried in a military tribunal court b/c
the government deemed the nature of the case
required the use of this court. A majority vote
would result in a guilty verdict, while a 2/3
majority would result in a death sentence.
• They were found guilty. Surratt, Powell,
Herold, and Atzerdot were sentenced to death
by hanging. O’Laughlen died in prison.
President Andrew Johnson pardoned Arnold,
Spangler, and Mudd.
Legacy of the War
• the bloodiest war in American history.
• It has been referred to as “The War Between the States,”
“The Brother’s War,” and the “War of Northern Aggression.”
• 600,000 died
• The Civil War led to passage of the Thirteenth, Fourteenth ,
and Fifteen Amendments to the United States Constitution.
• These amendments outlawed slavery, granted African
Americans United States citizenship, and granted AfricanAmerican males the right to vote.
• Although equal treatment under the law for African
Americans would not be enforced until almost a hundred
years later, the Civil War abolished slavery & established the
supremacy of the federal government.