Transcript The Civil War - middletonhsapush

The Civil War
1861-1865
The Election of 1860: Candidates
 At the first Democratic convention in
Charleston, South Carolina, southern
Democrats walked out, leaving too few
delegates for a majority to elect a candidate.
 At the second Democratic convention in
Baltimore, MD, the southern Democrats left
once again, but this time, northern Democrats
were able to assemble a majority to nominate
U.S. Senator (IL) Stephen Douglas.
 Also in Baltimore, the southern Democrats
reconvened to nominate U.S. Vice President
John C. Breckenridge of Kentucky for the
presidency.
 The Constitutional Union party also met in
Baltimore, and nominated John Bell of
Tennessee as their candidate.
 The Republican party met in Chicago, IL, for
their convention and nominated Abraham
Lincoln for the presidency.
The Election of 1860: Outcome
 Lincoln won 180 electoral votes from CA, OR,
MN, IO, WI, IL, MI, IN, OH, PA, NY, VT, NH,
ME, MA, RI, CO, and NJ (split with Douglas).
He only received 39.79% of the popular vote,
but this is largely due to the fact that his name
wasn’t allowed on the ballot in 10 southern
states.
 Breckenridge won 72 electoral votes from TX,
AR, LA, MS, AL, GA, FL, SC, NC, MD, and
DE, and received 18.2% of the popular vote.
 Bell took 39 electoral votes from KY, TN, and
VA, and won 12.61% of the popular vote.
 Douglas won 12 electoral votes from MO and
NJ (split with Lincoln), but received 29.4% of
the popular, which means that he took the
least number of electoral votes, but the
second highest number of popular votes.
Map of the Election Outcome
Secession of the Southern States
 The South Carolina state legislature met in December of 1860 in
Charleston and voted unanimously to secede from the Union.
 During the next six weeks, AL, MS, FL, GA, LA, and TX all followed suit
and seceded as well.
 The seven seceded states met in Montgomery in February of 1861 and
created a new nation, the Confederate States of America. They selected
U.S. Senator (MS) Jefferson Davis as their president.
Southern Motives for Secession
 The southern states were alarmed by the tipping of the political balance
against them, caused by the triumph of the new sectional Republican
party that favored the north.
 They were weary of free-soil criticism, abolitionist nagging, and
northern interference ranging from the Underground Railroad to John
Brown’s raid.
 They believed that the north wouldn’t care if they seceded. An
independent Dixieland could develop its own banking, shipping, and
trade with Europe.
 They reasoned that the 13 original colonies had voluntarily joined the
Union, and could voluntarily leave as well.
The Union and the Confederacy in
1861
The South Fires on Fort Sumter
 After the south seceded, they seized
all but two of the federal forts in their
territory, Fort Sumter in Charleston
Harbor being the more notable of the
two.
 The fort sent word to president
Lincoln that its provisions would
only last a few weeks until the middle
of April of 1861, so Lincoln notified
the south that he would be sending
non-military aid to the fort to avoid
conflict.
 On April 12, 1861, South Carolina
fired the first cannon shots at Fort
Sumter, beginning the Civil War.
After a 34 hour fight, the fort
surrendered to the south, and the
first battle of the war was a
Confederate victory.
Southern
Advantages
and Northern
Weaknesses
 VA, AK, TN, and NC all seceded, increasing the total number of
Confederate states to 11.
 The war was largely fought on southern territory.
 The southern army possessed the skilled General Robert E. Lee and
his chief lieutenant Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson.
 Southern men were bred to fight from an early age through managing
horses and handling weapons.
Northern Advantages and Southern
Weaknesses
Immigrants as a % of a
state’s population in 1860
 The border states of MO, KY, MD, DE, and WV, although proslavery, decided not to secede.
 The south had a lack of factories , accounting for shortages of
shoes, uniforms, and blankets.
 The north boasted 75% of the nation’s wealth and 75% of the
nation’s railroad system.
 The north controlled the sea with its superior navy and was able
to effectively blockade the south.
 The north had a population of 22 million, with immigrants
pouring in from Europe daily, while the south only had a
population of 9 million, including 3.5 million slaves.
 The south was counting on foreign aid from Britain who relied on
southern cotton for manufacturing, but the help did not come
because of a surplus of cotton the south had shipped to the north
immediately before the war, and Britain’s reliance on northern
wheat and corn exports.
 The north had a long established government, while the new
Confederate government was unstable. The right of Confederate
states to secede from the new union could not be denied and
Jefferson Davis often clashed with the Confederate Congress.
Rating
the
North
&
the
South
Rating the North & the South
Industrial Comparisons
Union Army vs. Confederate Army
 More than 90% of Union troops
were volunteers.
 Congress passed the first federal
conscription law in 1863. A loophole
in the law allowed wealthy young
men such as John D. Rockefeller to
pay the government $300 and have
someone else drafted in his place.
 At the end of the war, the Union
army reported 200,000 deserters
over the course of the war.
 The supply of volunteers for the
Confederate army ran out nearly a
year before the north, so the
Confederate government resorted to
conscription in April of 1862.
Slaveholders with more than 20
slaves were exempted from the
draft.
Men present for duty
Overview
of
Civil War
Strategy:
1
Anaconda Plan
1. Suffocate by blockade
2. Liberate the slaves
3. Cut Confed. in 1/2
4. Chop it to pieces
5. Take Richmond
6. Engage in “Total War”
1
1
Proposed by General-in-Chief Winfield Scott the plan emphasized the blockade of
the Southern ports, and called for an advance down the Mississippi River to cut the
South in two. Because the blockade would be rather passive, it was widely criticized
by those who wanted a more vigorous prosecution of the war, and who likened it to
the coils of an anaconda suffocating its victim. The snake image caught on, giving
the proposal its popular name - “The Anaconda Plan” (1861 cartoon)
The
War
in the
East
1861
to
1862
Battle of First Manassas (Bull Run)
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Confederate victory
When: July 21, 1861
Where: Manassas (Bull Run), VA
Key Leaders: General P.G.T. Beauregard
and Stonewall Jackson of the
Confederate army, and General Irvin
McDowell of the Union army
Union forces left Washington, D.C., on
their way to Bull Run followed by
spectators eager to watch the Union
victory.
The battle went well for the Union at first,
until Jackson’s troops held their line
against Union troops and Confederate
reinforcements appeared unexpectedly.
The Union army realized they were in
trouble, and many troops fled.
Casualties: 4,878
Battle of the Ironclads
 Draw >Union victory
 When: March 9, 1862
 Where: Off the coast of Hampton
Roads, VA
 Key Leaders: Lieutenant John L.
Worden of the Union navy and
Captain Franklin Buchanan of the
Confederate navy
 The south raised a former wooden
U.S. warship, the Merrimack, and
plated it with iron from railroad
tracks. The new warship soon
destroyed two Union ships in the
Chesapeake Bay.
 The Union’s Monitor, which had
been completed in 100 days,
arrived and fought
the Merrimack to a stand still.
 Although the actual battle was a
draw, a few months later, the south
was forced to destroy the
Merrimack to keep it out of Union
hands, making this battle an
eventual Union victory.
Battle of Shiloh
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Union victory
When: April 6-7, 1862
Where: Southwestern Tennessee
Key Leaders: Ulysses S. Grant of the Union
army and Generals P.G.T. Beauregard and
Albert Sidney Johnston of the Confederate
army
The Confederate army launched a surprise
attack on Union forces with the intention of
pushing them back from the Tennessee
River.
On the first day of the battle, the south
suffered a blow when Johnston was killed
in action.
The next day, Grant launched a powerful
counterattack that defeated the
Confederate forces and begins the long,
slow crawl to Vicksburg
Casualties: 23,700
Battle of New Orleans
Union victory
When: April 24, 1862
Where: New Orleans, LA
Key Leaders: Admiral David Farragut
of the Union navy and General
Benjamin Butler of the Union army
 Farragut fought past Forts Jackson
and St. Philip at the mouth of the
Mississippi River.
 Soon after the surrender of the two
forts, Union troops under Butler
occupied the city, which surrendered
without a fight.
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Farragut
Butler
Battle of Antietam Creek
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Union victory
When: September 17, 1862
Where: Sharpsburg, MD
Key Leaders: General George McClellan of the
Union army and General Robert E. Lee of the
Union army
After the Second Battle of Bull Run, Lee thrust in
Maryland to encourage foreign intervention and
attempt to induce the border states into joining
the Confederacy.
Two Union soldiers found a copy of Lee’s battle
plans wrapped around a packet of three cigars,
and McClellan was able to halt Lee at Antietam.
After a military draw, Lee retreated across the
Potomac. McClellan failed to chase after him,
and was fired for a second time from the Union
army.
Casualties: 23,000 (bloodiest day of combat in
American history)
Lincoln’s Emancipation
Proclamation
 On January 1, 1863, Abraham Lincoln stated that all slaves in the
rebellious states would be set free, but those slaves in the loyal border
states were to be exempted.
 Where he could free slaves (the border states that remained in his power),
he would not, and where he would free slaves (the southern states that had
seceded from the Union), he couldn’t. (It was up to Union troops to do
this.)
 Thousands of slaves who learned of the proclamation fled their already run
down plantations and joined the Union army, strengthening the moral
cause of the Union. The war became a “TOTAL WAR!”
 The possibility of the war ending through negotiations was now eliminated.
Emancipation in 1863
Battle of Vicksburg
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Union victory
When: May 25-July 4, 1863
Where: Vicksburg, MS
Key Leaders: General Ulysses S. Grant of
the Union army and General John C.
Pemberton of the Confederate army
A small passage between Vicksburg, MS,
and Port Hudson, LA, was the only
passage left between the western
Confederacy and the eastern Confederacy.
Grant was given control of the Union army
attacking Vicksburg.
After two successful assaults against the
Confederate troops and constant siege, the
city surrendered.
Casualties: 50,000
The
Battle of
Vicksburg
1863
Battle of Gettysburg
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Union victory
When: July 1-3, 1863
Where: Gettysburg, PA
Key Leaders: General George Meade of the
Union army and General Robert E. Lee of the
Confederate army
After his victory at Chancellorsville, Lee
decided to try and reach as far north as
Harrisburg or Philadelphia, PA to try and
persuade northern politicians to end the war.
Three days before the battle, Lincoln replaced
Hooker with Meade as the commander of the
Union’s army of the Potomac.
After three days of battle, Lee realized defeat
and led his army back to Virginia.
Casualties: 51,000
The Road to Gettysburg: 1863
Gettysburg Casualties
The “Witness Trees” at Gettysburg
http://www.postgazette.com/stories/local/breaking/workers
-find-civil-war-era-bullets-in-gettysburgtree-309529/
vs.
The Election
of 1864
 The Republican party joined the War Democrats
to form the Union party, and nominated
President Abraham Lincoln for the presidency.
They chose Andrew Johnson, a slave owner from
Tennessee, as the Vice Presidential nomination
to attract votes from the border states and War
Democrats.
 The Peace Democrats combined with the newly
formed Copperheads and nominated General
George McClellan for the presidency.
 During the election, northern soldiers were
brought back from battle in order to vote for
Lincoln.
 Lincoln won the election easily with 212
electoral votes over McClellan’s 21, but only
400,000 more popular votes. The only states
that Lincoln did not win were Kentucky,
Delaware, and New Jersey.
Sherman’s March through
Georgia. to the Sea
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Union victory
When: Late 1864
Where: Southeastern coast of the U.S.
Key Leaders: General William Tecumseh Sherman
of the Union army
In September of 1864, Sherman captured Atlanta,
GA, and burned the city to the ground.
In November, he resurfaced in Savannah, GA, and
repeated his previous actions.
From there, his army of 60,000 cut a 60 mile path
through Georgia, burning everything they came
across.
From Georgia, his army moved north to South
Carolina where they eventually reached the capital
of Columbia and burned it to the ground.
By the time the war was over, Sherman was deep
into North Carolina.
Casualties: 20,000
The Final Virginia Campaign: ‘64-’65
The Progress of War: 1861-65
Lee’s Surrender
Union victory
 When: April 9, 1865
 Where: Appomattox Courthouse – Appomattox, VA
 Key Leaders: General Ulysses S. Grant of the Union army and General
Robert E. Lee of the Confederate army
 Lee sent Grant a note suggesting a peace conference be held.
 The two met in the courthouse and Grant’s terms for surrender were
very generous:
 He asked for a list of all the enlisted men in the Confederate army,
and all the arms and artillery of the Confederacy to be gathered and
turned over to the Union.
 He allowed all Confederate soldiers to keep their horses and other
personal possessions, and return home unscathed.
 The next day, Lee gave his farewell address to his army and met with
six of his officers to discuss a formal ceremony of surrender
Extensive Legislation Passed
Without the South in Congress
1861 – Morrill Tariff Act
1862 – Homestead Act
1862 – Legal Tender Act
1862 – Morrill Land Grant Act
1862 – Emancipation Proclamation
1863 – Pacific Railway Act
1863 – National Bank Act
The Civil War
in Review
 April 12, 1861-April 9, 1865
 War between the United States (Union) and the 11 southern states that
seceded and formed the Confederate States of America.
 The Union was led by President Abraham Lincoln and the Republican
party, while the Confederacy was led by President Jefferson Davis.
 The Union army was chiefly led by General Ulysses S. Grant, while the
Confederate army was chiefly led by General Robert E. Lee.
 Over the course of the war, there were 2,200,000 soldiers in the Union
army, and only 1,064,000 in the Confederate army.
 Losses totaled 360,000 dead and 275,200 wounded for the Union army,
and 258,000 dead and 137,000 wounded for the Confederate army.
 The Union was victorious over the Confederacy.
Casualties on Both Sides
Civil War Casualties
in Comparison to Other Wars
From Pageant p. 461
The greatest constitutional decision
of the century was written in blood
and handed down at Appomattox
Courthouse, near which
Confederate General Robert E Lee
surrendered. The extreme states’
righters were crushed. The national
government, tested in the fiery
furnace of war, emerged unbroken.
Nullification and secession, those
twin nightmares of previous
decades, were laid to rest. Beyond a
doubt the Civil War – the nightmare
of the Republic – was the supreme
test of American democracy. It
finally answered the question, in the
words of Lincoln at Gettysburg,
whether a nation dedicated to such
principles “can long endure.”
And from Pageant again p. 462 …
What were the Consequences of the Civil
War?
The lives of Americans, white and black, North and South, were
transformed by the war experience. Industry entered a period of
unprecedented growth, having been stoked by the transportation and
military needs of the Union army. The emergence of new, national legal
and governmental institutions marked the birth of the modern American
state. All considered, it is hard to deny that the end of the Civil War
brought one chapter of the nation’s history to a close, while opening
another.
-Nation over state
-North over south
-Centralization over regionalism/sectionalism
-Emancipation without equality