Transcript Chapter 17-The Civil War

CHAPTER 18
LINCOLN AND THE CIVIL WAR
Lincoln Inaugural
Confederate Battle Flag
A Nation
Divided
 Fathers, sons, brothers often fought
against each other, some for the Union,
some for the Confederacy
 Lincoln had three brothers-in-law who
fought for the South
 Gen. Lee had a favorite cousin fight for
Union
Civil War 35 Star
1st Official Confederate Flag
Jefferson Davis
became President of
the Confederate
States of America
On February 18, 1861, in
Montgomery, Alabama,
Jefferson Davis was sworn
in as provisional president
of the Confederate States
of America. Davis was the
first and only president of
the Confederacy, which
existed for just four years,
from 1861 to 1865.
Jefferson Davis and his Cabinet
The first presidential cabinet of the Confederate States of America was
composed of, left to right, Secretary of the Navy Stephen R. Mallory,
Attorney General Judah P. Benjamin, Secretary of War Leroy Pope
Walker, President Jefferson Davis, General Robert E. Lee, Postmaster
General John H. Reagan, Secretary of the Treasury Christopher G.
Memminger, Vice-President Alexander H. Stephens, and Secretary of
State Robert Toombs.
A Nation Divided
WHY WAS THIS
WAR FOUGHT?
 SOUTHERN VIEW--WAR OF SOUTHERN
INDEPENDENCE, TO KEEP THE SOUTHERN
WAY OF LIFE.
 NORTHERN VIEW--WAR TO SAVE THE
UNION, TO SAVE THE AMERICAN NATION.
 Important: NORTHERNERS DO NOT USE
SLAVERY AS THE MAIN REASON FOR
FIGHTING THIS WAR UNTIL THEY NEEDED
TO HAVE A MORAL JUSTIFICATION FOR
ALL THE DEATH AND SUFFERING.
PROBLEMS FOR LINCOLN
 NO MONEY.
MOST
REVENUE CAME FROM
TARIFFS. ONCE THE
WAR BEGAN,TARIFF
DOLLARS DRIED UP
 THE SECESSION OF
THE SOUTH (11
states will leave)
 Lincoln’s
inexperience--NO
MILITARY AND
LIMITED NO
GOVERNMENT
EXPERINCE
PROBLEMS FOR LINCOLN
 HIS OWN CABINET WAS DIVIDED:
HALF
WANTED TO LET THE SOUTH GO AND NOT
FIGHT THIS WAR
 MANY POLITICAL LEADERS IN CONGRESS
WERE AGAINST THE WAR
 Maryland was so divided that pro-Confederate
mobs attacked the Union army in Baltimore and
Lincoln had to declare Martial law to keep control
 LATER WHEN DRAFT RIOTS BROKE OUT
HE SUSPENDED HABEAS CORPUS RIGHTS
TO TRY TO KEEP THE PEACE
NORTHERN ADVANTAGES
 POPULATION 22 MILLION VS. 9
MILLION OF WHICH 3.5 MILLION
WERE SLAVES
 ALMOST ALL FACTORIES WERE IN
THE NORTH, THEREFORE,
NORTHERNERS WOULD BE ABLE TO
MANUFACTURE GUNS AND OTHER
WEAPONS NEEDED FOR WAR
NORTHERN ADVANTAGES
 ALMOST ALL THE RAILROADS WERE
IN THE NORTH (66%) WAR
SUPPLIES AND TROOPS COULD BE
MOVED QUICKLY AND EASILY
 HAD A LARGE NAVY THAT COULD
BLOCKADE THE SOUTH AND
PREVENT THE DELIVERY OF WAR
SUPPLIES FROM ENGLAND
NORTHERN ADVANTAGES
 ABILITY TO RAISE $$ THROUGH
EXCISE, TARIFFS AND LATER
INCOME TAXES
 21 STATES VS. 11 STATES
 LATER--A MORAL REASON FOR
FIGHTING THE WAR-EMANCIPATION
SOUTHERN ADVANTAGES
 GREAT MILITARY LEADERSHIP--MOST OF
THE AMERICAN GENERALS IN THE ARMY
PRIOR TO 1860 WERE SOUTHERN.THIS
ALLOWED AN INFERIOR FORCE OF MEN
TO DEFEAT LARGER ARMIES BY USING
THEIR SKILL AND STATEGY TO DEFEAT
THE UNION ARMY.
 JEFFERSON DAVIS, WHO HAD A MILITARY
BACKGROUND, ACTED LIKE A DICATOR
WHICH ALLOWED QUICK BATTLEFIELD
DECISIONS
Robert E. Lee
Robert E. Lee was a brilliant general
who commanded the Confederate
army during the American Civil War
(1861-1865). When war seemed
imminent in 1861, President Lincoln
offered command of the Union troops
to Lee, but Lee declined, opting
instead to assume command of
Confederate forces in Virginia. In
1865 he became commander in chief
of all Confederate troops, shortly
before surrendering to Union general
Ulysses S. Grant, which effectively
ended the war.
SOUTHERN ADVANTAGES
 DEFENSIVE POSTURE-- THE
CONFEDERATES WERE DEFENDING THEIR
HOMES AGAINST AN AGGREESOR. THIS
MEANS THAT THEY WOULD BE MORE
WILLING TO FIGHT AND DIE FIGHTING
FOR INDEPENDENCE. THEY WERE READY
TO FIGHT A LONG WAR IN THE HOPE
THAT THE UNION WOULD JUST GET
TIRED AND LED THE SOUTHERN STATES
GO.
Jefferson Davis-A Confederate
Dictator
During the American Civil War (1861-1865), Jefferson
Davis served as the president of the Confederate States of
America. As secretary of war under United States President
Franklin Pierce and a two-term senator from Mississippi,
Davis was a pro-slavery advocate who initially opposed
secession. However, when his state withdrew from the
Union, he resigned from the U.S. Senate in support of the
South.
GOALS OF BOTH SIDES
 BOTH SIDES HAD THE SAME
OBJECTIVE--WIN THE WAR
QUICKLY BY ATTACKING AND
CAPTURING THE OTHER SIDE’S
CAPITAL CITY (WASHINGTON,
D.C. AND RICHMOND VA)
 THE SOUTH MAIN OBJECTIVE WAS
TO FIGHT A DEFENSIVE WAR
NORTHERN GOALS
 BLOCKADE SOUTHERN PORTS TO
STOP ANY EUROPEAN SUPPORT
(WEAPONS)
 TAKE OVER THE MISSISSIPPI
RIVER TO STOP TRADE AND SPLIT
TEXAS,ARKANSAS AND LOUISIANA
FROM THE REST OF THE
CONFEDERACY
 CAPTURE RICHMOND
SOUTHERN GOALS
 FIGHT A DEFENSIVE WAR AND WEAR
THE NORTH OUT-GET THE NORTH TO
QUIT FIGHTING
 TAKE WASHINGTON, D.C.
 GET EUROPEAN MONEY AND
SUPPLIES TO HELP WIN THE WAR
FIRST PHASE: NORTH
ATTACKS THE SOUTH
 THE UNION ARMY MARCHED TOWARD
RICHMOND (100 MILES AWAY)
 MET BY A CONFEDERATE ARMY UNDER
THOMAS “STONEWALL” JACKSON.
 AT THE BATTLE OF BULL RUN
(Northern name) OR THE BATTLE OF
MANASSAS(Southern name) THE
CONFEDERATE ARMY WAS ABLE TO FORCE
THE UNION ARMY TO RUN AWAY AND IN
SOME CASES GETTING RID OF ALL
THEIR WEAPONS AND MILITARY
SUPPLIES.
McClellan vs. Jackson
A brilliant strategist, organizer,
and trainer of troops during the
American Civil War (18611865),
General
George
McClellan was praised as a
"young Napoleon," but his
timidity
on
the
battlefield
caused
President
Abraham
Lincoln to replace him as leader
of the Union forces.
One of the most famous generals
of the American Civil War (18611865), Thomas Jonathan Jackson
served under Confederate General
Robert E. Lee. During the First
Battle of Bull Run, or Manassas,
Jackson's
brigade
faced
overwhelming
odds.
General
Barnard E. Bee, seeing Jackson's
line holding firm, said, "There is
Jackson standing like a stone
wall." After that he was called
Stonewall by his troops.
FIRST PHASE: NORTH
ATTACKS THE SOUTH
 SINCE THE CONFEDERATES WON THE BATTLE,
LINCOLN APPOINTED GEN. GEORGE McClellan
COMMANDER TO TRAIN THE UNION ARMY.
McClellan WAS RELUCTANT TO ATTACK AND
LINCOLN SNAPPED “IF McClellan IS NOT
USING THE ARMY, I SHOULD LIKE TO BORROW
IT.”
 FINALLY IN MARCH 1862, HE ATTEMPTS TO
TAKE RICHMOND BUT GEN. LEE AND JACKSON,
ATTACKED WASHINGTON, D.C. AND DID NOT
ALLOW RE-ENFORCEMENTS TO ARRIVE TO
HELP.
 McClellan WAS FORCED TO RETREAT.
“Stonewall” Leads his men.
The War At Sea
 THE SOUTH HAD NO NAVY TO SPEAK OF
AND THE NORTHERN NAVY WAS ABLE TO
EFFECTIVELY BLOCKADE SOUTHERN
PORTS TO CHOKE OFF ANY SUPPLIES
THAT MIGHT REACH THE CONFEDERACY
 FIRST TWO IRON CLAD SHIPS FOUGHT
EACH OTHER AT HAMPTON ROADS, VA.
THE MONITOR (UNION) VS. THE
MERRIMAC (FORMALLY THE VIRGINIA,
CONFEDERATE)
The Monitor and the Virginia
Ironclad ships Monitor and Virginia fire cannonades at one another at pointblank range during the historic battle of Hampton Roads in the American Civil
War. The Union Monitor was smaller and lighter than its Confederate
counterpart and had a revolving gun turret with two heavy guns. Although the
two armored ships fought each other for several hours, the Virginia withdrew
because of low tides, and the battle was considered a draw.
The Deck of the Monitor
SECOND PHASE-THE
SOUTH ATTACKS
 LEE BELIEVED THAT A VICTORY IN THE
NORTH WOULD FORCE THE NORTH TO
LEAVE THE SOUTH ALONE.
 LEE’S BATTLE PLANS FELL INTO
McClellan's HANDS AND ATTACKED LEE
AT ANTIETAM.
 OVER 24,000 TROOPS ON BOTH SIDES
WERE KILLED OR WOUNDED, LEE
RETREATED.
Lincoln after the Battle of Antietam
Lincoln Discusses Emancipation
Proclamation After the Battle of Antietam
EMANCIPATION
PROCLAMATION
 LINCOLN ISSUED HIS EMANCIPATION
PROCLAMATION, 1862.
 THIS PRESIDENTIAL PROCLAMATION
STATED THAT ALL THE SLAVES IN
STATES FIGHTING THE UNION WOULD BE
FREE ON JANUARY 1, 1863.
 FREED ZERO SLAVES, BUT GAVE THE
NORTH A MORAL REASON FOR
CONTINUING THE WAR.
Page 1 of 5
Page 2 of 5
Page 5 of 5
Emancipation Proclamation Five hand written pages
Other Major Battles
 THE BATTLE OF FREDERICKSBURG WAS A
DISASTER FOR THE UNION ARMY
 UNDER THE COMMAND OF AMBROSE
BURNSIDE (FROM RI). BURNSIDE
FAILED TO DEFEAT LEE’S ARMY EVEN
THOUGH HE OUTNUMBERED LEE BY OVER
35,000 MEN.
 Burnside ordered six charges across open ground,
with Confederate troops dug in (trenches) and the
Union army was mowed down
A Major Battle
Battle of the West
 ATTEMPTS TO TAKE THE
MISSISSIPPI RIVER
 GRANT CAPTURED FORTS HENRY
AND DONELSON AND TOOK CONTROL
OF THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI AND
MOVED SOUTH
Grant’s Western Plans
Battle of the West
 AT SHILOH, THE CONFEDERATE ARMY
ATTACKED GRANT. AFTER SOME OF THE
BLOODIEST BATTLE OF THE WAR, GRANT
WON, BUT LOST 25% OF HIS ARMY.
 MORE AMERICANS DIED AT THIS ONE
BATTLE THAN THE TOTAL DEATH OF THE
AMERICAN REVOLUTION, WAR OF 1812
AND THE MEXICAN WAR COMBINED.
 WHEN SOME COMPLAINED THAT GRANT
ACCEPTED TO MANY CAUSALITIES,
LINCOLN SAID, “I CANNOT SPARE THIS
MAN, HE FIGHT”
Battle of the West
 LATER, THE UNION TOOK NEW
ORLEANS, MEMPHIS AND FINALLY
VICKSBURG AFTER A SIX WEEK
SIEGE.
 THE MISSISSIPPI WAS UNDER
UNION CONTROL AND THE SOUTH
COULD NOT USE IT TO SHIP MEN
AND SUPPLIES
THIRD PHASE-THE ADVANTAGES OF
THE NORTH START TO TAKE A TOLL
 NORTH GAINS ADVANTAGES EVEN AS
SUPPORT FOR THE WAR FADES
COPPERHEADS (Northerners who
wanted peace) WANTED TO STOP
FIGHTING
 $100 BOUNTIES FOR ENLISTMENT, THE
DRAFT, $300 BUYOUTS FOR THOSE
DRAFTED
 RIOTS OVER THE DRAFT AND LINCOLN
DECLARING MARTIAL LAW AND
SUSPENDED HABEAS CORPUS RIGHTS
Lincoln Calls for the
first Draft in United
States History
Rioting lasted for five days in
New York City when people
rebelled against an 1863 draft
law that gave the rich the option
not to serve. The mostly foreignborn laborers, who could not
afford to pay for substitutes to
fight for them in the Civil War,
damaged
many
buildings,
including the black children's
orphanage pictured here. The
Copperheads encouraged these
riots
The Northern Economy
 First income tax law passed to help pay for
the war
 Inflation due to widespread printing of
“greenback”, the value of the money was
cut almost in half—prices doubled
 Profiteers overcharged the gov’t for war
supplies: clothing, food, weapons, shoes
The Southern Economy
 Much worse than the North
 Passed a “tax-in-kind”: which required farmers to
turn over 1/10 of their crops to the gov’t
 Inflation: a confederate dollar was worth about 2
cents
 Blockade stopped weapons from reaching the
Confederate army– after battles, the soldiers
would search the battle field for guns and bullets
THIRD PHASE-THE ADVANTAGES OF
THE NORTH START TO TAKE A TOLL
 THE ECONOMIC,INDUSTRIAL AND SHEAR
SIZE OF THE NORTH STARTED TO SHOW
BENEFITS
 THE BATTLE OF CHANCELLORSVILLE, A
HUGE SOUTHERN VICTORY, COST THE
SOUTH ONE OF THEIR BEST GENERALS
 A CONFEDERATE SENTRY ACCIDENTALLY
SHOT STONEWALL JACKSON WHO DIED OF
BLOOD POISONING SEVERAL DAYS LATER
Women in the War
Played vital roles by taking
over the jobs as men joined
the army
Disguised themselves and
fought & worked as spies
Many helped as nurses:
– Dorothea Dix-superintendent
for Union nurses
– Clara Barton-started the Red
Cross
– Sally Tompkins-opened a
private southern hospital-of
the 1,333 patients treated
only 73 died
Dix
Barton
THE BATTLE OF
GETTYSBURG
(to view a site with many pictures click here)
 LEE HOPED TO SURPRISE THE
UNION ARMY IN PENN. AND THEN
TURN SOUTH TO ATTACK
WASHINGTON.
 BY ACCIDENT, SOME OF LEE’S
MEN WERE DISCOVERED BY THE
UNION ARMY UNDER GENERAL
MEADE.
Gettysburg
THE BATTLE OF
GETTYSBURG
(click here for details of this battle)
 FROM JULY 1 TO JULY 3, OVER
150,000 MEN FOUGHT OUTSIDE
THE TOWN OF GETTYSBURG.
 THE UNION ARMY TOOK THE HIGH
GROUND AT PLACES LIKE
CEMETERY RIDGE AND LITTLE
ROUND TOP. IT FORCED LEE TO
ATTACK STRONG UNION
POSITIONS.
Battle of Gettysburg
In July 1863 Confederate and Union forces fought a brutal
three-day battle at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. Both sides
suffered heavy losses, but the clash was considered a Union
victory and a turning point in the American Civil War. The battle
marked the last time that the Confederate Army invaded the
North.
THE BATTLE OF
GETTYSBURG
 KEY BATTLES INCLUDED LITTLE ROUND
TOP WERE A MAINE REGIMENT WAS
HOLDING THE LEFT FLANK OF MEADE’S
FORCES. THE CONFEDERATES ATTACKED A
NUMBER OF TIMES.
 THE UNION COMMANDER, COL.
CHAMBERLAIN, HELD OFF THE SUPERIOR
SOUTHERN FORCE. THE MAINE TROOPS
WERE ALMOST OUT OF AMMUNITION, WHEN
CHAMBERLAIN ORDERED A BAYONET CHARGE
(UNUSUAL FOR THE CIVIL WAR) AND
FORCED THE SOUTHERNERS TO SURRENDER.
Cemetery Ridge and Pickett’s Charge
THE BATTLE OF
GETTYSBURG
 AT CEMETERY RIDGE, GENERAL LEE
ORDERS GENERAL PICKETT’S ARMY OF
15,000 TO CHARGE ACROSS AN OPEN
FIELD OVER A MILE WIDE, AND ATTACK
THE UNION ARMY.
 PICKETTS’ CHARGE FAILED AND LEE
WITHDREW FROM GETTYSBURG. OVER
40,000 MEN WERE KILLED OR WOUNDED
IN THIS ONE BATTLE ALONE. THE
SOUTH WOULD HAVE TO FIGHT A
DEFENSIVE WAR FROM NOW ON.
Death and
Destruction
at
Gettysburg
During the American Civil War, the Battle of Gettysburg began on July 1,
1863, when a Confederate brigade searching for a badly needed supply of
shoes in the small town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, ran into Union
cavalry. After the three days of battle were over, Union forces claimed
victory, although both sides suffered heavy casualties. This photograph of
the battlefield shows the dead soldiers.
Gettysburg Dead
THE GETTYSBURG ADDRESS
 IN NOVEMBER, AT A CEREMONY TO
DEDICATE THE CEMETERY AT
GETTYSBURG.
 LINCOLN WAS NOT EVEN THE MAIN
SPEAKER
 HE MADE A THREE MINUTE SPEECH
THAT IS ONE THE GREATEST
SPEECHES IN AMERICAN HISTORY:
The Original Copy of the Address
THE GETTYSBURG
ADDRESS
(click here for more info)
 “FORESCORE
AND SEVEN YEARS AGO OUR
FATHERS BOUGHT FORTH ON THIS
CONTINENT, A NEW NATION, CONCEIVED IN
LIBERTY, AND DEDICATED THE PROPOSITION
THAT ALL MEN ARE CREATED EQUAL.
NOW
WE ARE ENGAGED IN A GREAT CIVIL WAR,
TESTING WHETHER THAT NATION, OR ANY
NATION SO CONCEIVED AND SO DEDICATED,
CAN LONG ENDURE
THE GETTYSBURG ADDRESS
 ....BUT,
IN A LARGER SENSE, WE CAN NOT
DEDICATE-WE CAN NOT CONSECRATE-WE CAN NOT
HALLOW-THIS GROUND. THE BRAVE MEN, LIVING
AND
DEAD,
WHO
STRUGGLED
HERE,
HAVE
CONSECRATED IT, FAR ABOVE OUR POOR POWER TO
ADD OR DETRACT. THE WORLD WILL LITTLE NOTE,
NOR LONG REMEMBER WHAT WE SAY HERE, BUT IT
CAN NEVER FORGET WHAT THEY DID HERE
 ....WE HERE HIGHLY RESOLVE THAT THESE DEAD
SHALL NOT HAVE DIED IN VAIN-THAT THIS
NATION, UNDER GOD,SHALL HAVE A NEW BIRTH OF
FREEDOM-AND THAT GOVERNMENT OF THE PEOPLE,
BY THE PEOPLE, FOR THE PEOPLE, SHALL NOT
PERISH FROM THE EARTH.”
The Fourth Phase: Total War
 GRANT DECIDES THAT HE WILL JUST
OVERWHELM LEE AND THE CONFEDERATE
ARMY BY USING HIS SUPERIOR NUMBERS
AND SUPPLIES.
 HE ATTACKS LEE AT THE WILDERNESS,
SPOTSYLVANIA AND COLD HARBOR.
THE UNION ARMY LOST OVER 60,000
MEN.
 Click here for a list and review
of the many battles of the Civil
War!!
Grant takes Charge
During the American Civil War, Ulysses S. Grant was one of the Union
Army's most successful generals. President Abraham Lincoln selected
Grant to lead the Union forces on March 9, 1864, following a string of
unsuccessful commanders.
Lincoln, Grant and Sherman
The Fourth Phase: Total War
 ALTHOUGH GRANT LOST MANY MEN AND MOST




OF THE BATTLES, HE WAS WEARING LEE’S
ARMY OUT.
HE SENT SHERMAN FROM THE WEST TO
ATTACKED AND TAKE ATLANTA
SHERMAN DECIDED TO USE “TOTAL WAR”
SHERMAN MARCHES TO THE SEA AT SAVANNAH,
DESTROYING EVERYTHING IN HIS PATH.
GRANT ALSO SENT THE CAVALRY UNDER
SHERIDAN TO DO THE SAME THING IN THE
FARM RICH LAND OF THE SHENANADOAH
VALLEY.
William T. Sherman
One of the Union's best
generals during the
American Civil War
(1861-1865), William T.
Sherman marched an
army through the
South, destroying the
last of the South's
economic resources.
Because he waged an
economic war against
civilians, he has been
called the first modern
general.
Sherman captures Atlanta
This photograph
depicts Atlanta's
Peachtree Street
after the Union
army under General
William Sherman
took the city on
September 2,
1864, during the
American Civil War.
Sherman burned
the city two months
later before
embarking on his
march to the sea.
In 1864, during the
American Civil War, Union
troops led by General
William
T.
Sherman
captured
Atlanta,
Georgia.
From
there,
Sherman split his forces
and marched them in a
parallel route southeast
to the Atlantic Ocean and
then
through
South
Carolina. Along the way,
Sherman's
troops
destroyed everything in
their
path,
including
civilian
property
that
could be of use to the
Confederates. The town
of
Columbia,
South
Carolina, shown here,
was one of many towns
devastated in the march.
Sherman’s march to
the Sea
Fourth Phase
 AT PETERSBURGH, A KEY RAILROAD/RE-
SUPPLY AREA, GRANT STARTS A SIEGE
AND SLOWLY EXTENDS HIS LINES TO
FORCE LEE TO WEAKEN HIS POSITION.
 GEN. BURNSIDE ATTEMPTED TO END THE
WAR AT THE BATTLE OF THE CRATER.
BURNSIDE HAD HIS PENN. COAL MINERS
AND ENGINEERS DIG A TUNNEL OVER
400 FEET UNTIL IT WAS UNDER LEE’S
LINE.
Fourth Phase
 HE THEN PLANTED HUNDREDS OF
POUNDS OF EXPLOSIVES IN THE
END OF THE TUNNEL.
 THE PLAN WAS TO HAVE LEE’S
LINE EXPLODE, PROVIDING A
HOLE IN WHICH BURNSIDES ARMY
COULD ENTER AND SPREAD OUT
DIVIDING LEE FORCE AND MAKING
THE WAR END.
Linear Tactics during the Civil War
Fourth Phase
 UNFORTUNATELY, BURNSIDES MEN
ENTERED THE CRATER AND COULD NOT
GET OUT. LEE’S MEN RESPONDED BY
SURROUNDING THE HUGE HOLE IN THE
GROUND AND KILLING EVERY SOLDIER
IN THE CRATER.
 IT BECAME A MASSACRE WHEN THE
CONFEDERATE TROOPS REALIZED THAT
MANY OF THE SOLDIERS WERE BLACK
AND INSTEAD OF ALLOWING EACH TO
SURRENDER, EVERY MAN IN THE HOLE
WAS KILLED.
General Burnside from Rhode Island
Burnside and the 9th were selected
to break the siege by Grant. They
started by tunneling an explosive
charge under Lee's line of defense.
The idea was to blow an enormous
hole in Lee's line, then rush the 9th
through to take the city. The Battle
of the Crater began with the largest
explosion ever seen, but ended in a
disaster because one of the key
commanders entrusted to lead the
attack was drunk and not at his post;
another was found hiding in a bomb
proof shelter. The attack ended up
being a slaughter for the Union and
accomplished nothing.
Petersburg
 AFTER NINE MONTHS OF HOLDING
PETERSBURGH IN A SIEGE, GRANT
ATTACKED THE CITY IN FULL FORCE IN
LATE MARCH.
 THE CITY FELL ON APRIL 3
 RICHMOND WAS CAPTURED THE NEXT
DAY.
 LINCOLN INSISTED ON TOURING THE
DESTROYED CITY AND TOLD THE
SOUTHERNERS THAT THEY WOULD BE
WELCOMED BACK INTO THE UNION
Destruction of Richmond
The End: Appomattox
Courthouse
 FINALLY, GRANT TRAPPED LEE IN VIRGINIA
AT APPOMATTOX COURT HOUSE.
 LEE KNEW THAT IF HE FOUGHT, HIS ARMY
WOULD BE SLAUGHTERED AND HE SURRENDERED
TO GRANT ON APRIL 6, 1865.
 GRANT’S TERMS WERE GENEROUS: HE ALLOWED
THE CONFEDERATED TO KEEP THEIR PISTOLS
AND HORSES, THEY ONLY HAD TO TURN OVER
THEIR MUSKETS, RIFLES AND CANNONS.
 GRANT SAID: “THE WAR IS OVER, THE
REBELS ARE OUR COUNTRYMEN AGAIN.”
Surrender at
Appomattox
Court House
Early in April 1865, Confederate forces in Virginia led by General Robert E.
Lee confronted those of Union general Ulysses S. Grant. Lee, realizing his
troops were outnumbered by more than two to one and that further fighting
would result in useless loss of life, asked for a meeting to discuss terms of
surrender. On April 9, both generals met at a private home in the small town
of Appomattox Court House. Grant offered generous terms, which Lee
graciously accepted. With that, the American Civil War ended.
The Ten Costliest Battles of the
Civil War
Based on total casualties
#1
Battle of Gettysburg
Date: July 1-3, 1863
Location: Pennsylvania
Confederate Commander: Robert E. Lee
Union Commander: George G. Meade
Confederate Forces Engaged: 75,000
Union Forces Engaged: 82,289
Winner: Union
Casualties: 51,112 (23,049 Union and 28,063
Confederate)
The Ten Costliest Battles of the
Civil War
Based on total casualties
#2
Battle of Chickamauga
Date: September 19-20, 1863
Location: Georgia
Confederate Commander: Braxton Bragg
Union Commander: William Rosecrans
Confederate Forces Engaged: 66,326
Union Forces Engaged: 58,222
Winner: Confederacy
Casualties: 34,624 (16,170 Union and 18,454
Confederate)
The Ten Costliest Battles of the
Civil War
Based on total casualties
#3
Battle of Chancellorsville
Date: May 1-4, 1863
Location: Virginia
Confederate Commander: Robert E. Lee
Union Commander: Joseph Hooker
Confederate Forces Engaged: 60,892
Union Forces Engaged: 133,868
Winner: Confederacy
Casualties: 30,099 (17,278 Union and 12,821
Confederate)
The Ten Costliest Battles of the
Civil War
Based on total casualties
#4
Battle of Spotsylvania
Date: May 8-19, 1864
Location: Virginia
Confederate Commander: Robert E. Lee
Union Commander: Ulysses S. Grant
Confederate Forces Engaged: 50,000
Union Forces Engaged: 83,000
Winner: Confederacy
Casualties: 27,399 (18,399 Union and 9)000
Confederate)
The Ten Costliest Battles of the
Civil War
Based on total casualties
#5
Battle of Antietam
Date: September 17, 1862
Location: Maryland
Confederate Commander: Robert E. Lee
Union Commander: George B. McClellan
Confederate Forces Engaged: 51,844
Union Forces Engaged: 75,316
Winner: Union
Casualties: 26,134 (12,410 Union and 13,724
Confederate)
The Ten Costliest Battles of the
Civil War
Based on total casualties
#6
Battle of The Wilderness
Date: May 5-7, 1864
Location: Virginia
Confederate Commander: Robert E. Lee
Union Commander: Ulysses S. Grant
Confederate Forces Engaged: 61,025
Union Forces Engaged: 101,895
Winner: Inconclusive
Casualties: 25,416 (17,666 Union and 7,750
Confederate)
The Ten Costliest Battles of the
Civil War
Based on total casualties
#7
Battle of Second Manassas
Date: August 29-30, 1862
Location: Virginia
Confederate Commander: Robert E. Lee
Union Commander: John Pope
Confederate Forces Engaged: 48,527
Union Forces Engaged: 75,696
Winner: Confederacy
Casualties: 25,251 (16,054 Union and 9,197
Confederate)
The Ten Costliest Battles of the
Civil War
Based on total casualties
#8
Battle of Stone's River
Date: December 31, 1862
Location: Tennessee
Confederate Commander: Braxton Bragg
Union Commander: William S. Rosecrans
Confederate Forces Engaged: 37,739
Union Forces Engaged: 41,400
Winner: Union
Casualties: 24,645 (12,906 Union and
11,739 Confederate)
The Ten Costliest Battles of the
Civil War
Based on total casualties
#9
Battle of Shiloh
Date: April 6-7, 1862
Location: Tennessee
Confederate Commander: Albert Sidney
Johnston/ P. G. T. Beauregard
Union Commander: Ulysses S. Grant
Confederate Forces Engaged: 40,335
Union Forces Engaged: 62,682
Winner: Union
Casualties: 23,741 (13,047 Union and 10,694
Confederate)
The Ten Costliest Battles of the
Civil War
Based on total casualties
#10
Battle of Fort Donelson
Date: February 13-16, 1862
Location: Tennessee
Confederate Commander: John B.
Floyd/Simon B. Buckner
Union Commander: Ulysses S. Grant
Confederate Forces Engaged: 21,000
Union Forces Engaged: 27,000
Winner: Union
Casualties: 19,455 (2,832 Union and 16,623
Confederate)
Lincoln is Assassinated
An American Tragedy: Lincoln
was Killed
 FIVE DAYS LATER, ON APRIL 14,
1865, ABRAHAM LINCOLN WAS SHOT AND
KILLED BY JOHN WILKES BOOTH WHILE
WATCHING A PLAY AT THE FORD
THEATER IN WASHINGTON, D.C.
 BOOTH WAS A SOUTHERNER WHO BLAMED
LINCOLN FOR THE SOUTH’S DEFEAT.
 BOOTH WAS SURROUNDED BY FEDERAL
TROOPS AND KILLED.
O CAPTAIN! my Captain! our fearful trip is done;
The ship has weather’d every rack, the prize we sought is won;
The port is near, the bells I hear, the people all exulting,
While follow eyes the steady keel, the vessel grim and daring:
But O heart! heart! heart!
O the bleeding drops of red,
here on the deck my Captain lies,
Fallen cold and dead.
O Captain! my Captain! rise up and hear the bells;
Rise up—for you the flag is flung—for you the bugle trills;
For you bouquets and ribbon’d wreaths—for you the shores a-crowding;
For you they call, the swaying mass, their eager faces turning;
Here Captain! dear father!
This arm beneath your head;
It is some dream that on the deck,
You’ve fallen cold and dead.
My Captain does not answer, his lips are pale and still;
My father does not feel my arm, he has no pulse nor will;
The ship is anchor’d safe and sound, its voyage closed and done;
From fearful trip, the victor ship, comes in with object won;
Exult, O shores, and ring, O bells!
But I, with mournful tread,
Walk the deck my Captain lies,
Fallen cold and dead.
Captain, My
Captain by
Walt Whitman