Transcript The Civil War 1861-1865

The Civil War
1861–1865
The “Anaconda Plan”
The Union’s strategy:
• Naval blockade
from Louisiana to
Virginia
• Control of the
Mississippi River
Confederate strategy
primarily defensive
Cartoon about the “Anaconda Plan”
Advantages & Disadvantages:
The Union
A Massachusetts factory
Advantages:
• Industry and railroads
• Larger population
• Legitimate government
• Strong political
leadership
Disadvantages:
• Funding difficulties
• Offensive war
• Lack of skilled
military leaders
Advantages & Disadvantages:
The Confederacy
Advantages:
• Defensive war on home turf
• Common cause
• Strong military tradition and
outstanding leaders
Disadvantages:
• Weak economy
• Smaller population
• Ineffective central
government and leadership
Generals Robert E. Lee and
Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson
Restore the Union
• “If I could save the Union without freeing
any slave I would do it, and if I could save
it by freeing all the slaves I would do it;
and if I could save it by freeing some and
leaving others alone I would also do that.”
- Abraham Lincoln before the war
Washington DC
Richmond, Va.
Lead Generals of the North
Winfield Scott
Anaconda Plan
Irvin McDowell
First Bull Run
George B. McClellan
“A Case of the Slows”
John Pope
Second
Bull Run
Little Mac again
Lincoln
McClellan
Antietam
Ambrose Burnside
Side burns
Fredericksburg
Joseph Hooker
Chancellorsville
George Meade
Gettysburg
Ulysses S. Grant
Vicksburg
Lead Generals of the South
Joseph Johnston
Injured at Battle of Seven Pines
Robert E. Lee
The Man
Notable Soldiers from the North
William Tecumseh Sherman
Robert Anderson
Fort Sumter
David Farragut
New Orleans
Notable Soldiers of the Rebels
Killed right before Gettysburg by own troops
James Longstreet
JEB Stuart
Calvary
George Pickett
Pickett’s Charge
Armies
• Main Army of Union – Army of the
Potomac
– 1st asked Lee to be general of the Union
• Main Army of the Rebels – Army of
Northern Virginia
Bull Run
• First major battle of
Civil War
• About 25 miles from
Washington, D.C.
• “Stonewall” Jackson
became famous
• Confederate victory
Gen. Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson
Shiloh
A view of Shiloh after the battle
• Union forces led
by Ulysses S.
Grant
• Confederate attack
nearly wiped out
Union forces on
first day
• Grant
counterattacked
the next day
• Union victory
Ironclads
• Confederates built
the Merrimack
from a sunken
Union ship
• Union quickly
built the Monitor
• Monitor and
Merrimack fought
to a draw in first
battle between
ironclads
A painting of the battle
New Technologies in Warfare
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Minie ball
Submarine
Heavy artillery
Aerial
reconnaissance
• Gatling gun
• Trench warfare
A Gatling gun
Civil War Weapons
A New Union Commander
• McClellan selected as
commander after Bull
Run
• McClellan popular with
troops
• A thorough
administrator
• Overly cautious
Gen. George B. McClellan
Lee Takes Command
• General Joseph E.
Johnston wounded
• Robert E. Lee takes
command of
Confederate army
• Lee proves an able
commander
Gen. Robert E. Lee
Antietam
• Attempt by Lee to invade the North
• Near Sharpsburg, Maryland
• McClellan tipped off to Lee’s plans when a soldier
found secret orders wrapped around cigars
• Single bloodiest day in American history
Artillery Hell, a
painting of
early morning
hostilities at
Antietam
Antietam: Battle Scenes
Dead soldiers await
burial after the
morning fighting in
the Miller cornfield
Antietam: Battle Scenes
A view of the
Burnside Bridge
from the
“Confederate side”
Antietam: Battle Scenes
An Army
field hospital
Antietam: Battle Scenes
Confederate dead
along the
Hagerstown
turnpike
Antietam: Aftermath
• Lincoln met with
McClellan after the
battle
• Lincoln fired him,
complaining that he
“had the slows”
• McClellan replaced by
series of commanders
Lincoln meets with McClellan at Antietam
Women’s Roles in the War
Clara Barton
Dorothea Dix
Mary Bickerdyke
Dr. Mary Edwards Walker
Women Warriors
• Some women
posed as men in
order to fight
• Frances Clayton
(right) fought in
artillery and
cavalry units
• Total number
unknown
Civil War Medicine
• 4 minute video
Civil War Medicine
• Infection often deadlier
than the wounds
• Amputations more
common
• Anesthesia widely used
A surgeon at the Camp Letterman field
hospital at Gettysburg prepares for an
amputation
The Sanitary Commission
• Poor health conditions in
army camps
• U.S. Sanitary
Commission created
• Purposes included
improving hygiene and
recruiting nurses
• Developed better
methods of transporting
wounded to hospitals
A Civil War field hospital
Emancipation Proclamation
• History Channel -2 minutes
African American Enlistment
Col. Robert Gould Shaw
Memorial to the 54th
Massachusetts
• Congress allowed black
enlistment in 1862
• 54th Massachusetts
commanded by Colonel
Shaw
• Half of 54th killed in
assault on Ft. Wagner
• Helped spur further
enlistment
Surgeon’s Instruments
Andersonville
• Confederate POW camp
in Georgia
• 32,000 prisoners
jammed into 26 acres
• One-third of all
prisoners died
• Superintendent was
executed as a war
criminal
Severely emaciated POWs rescued
from Andersonville
Andersonville
Andersonville
Chancellorsville
• Jackson’s forces
surprised Union
troops
• Confederates won
unlikely victory
• Jackson hit by
“friendly fire” and
died a week later
• Lee pressed on to
Pennsylvania
A painting of the battle
Gettysburg: Prelude
• Lee crossed
into
Pennsylvania
• Sent troops for
supplies
• Confederates
encounter
Union force
outside
Gettysburg
Gettysburg battlefield: view from Culp’s Hill
Gettysburg: Day One
• Small Union force led
by Buford delayed a
larger Confederate force
• Buford held high
ground at Seminary
Ridge
• Buford’s stand allowed
time for reinforcements
to arrive
Gettysburg: Day Two
• Col. Joshua Lawrence
Chamberlain
• Defense of Little Round
Top
• 20th Maine repelled
Confederates and saved
Union position
Colonel (later Major General) Joshua L.
Chamberlain
Dan Sickles
And His Leg…
John Burns
Gettysburg: Day Three
Artist’s rendition of the battlefield during
Pickett’s charge
• Lee believed Union
lines were still
vulnerable
• Ordered Pickett’s
forces to attack
center of Union
lines
• “Pickett’s Charge”
resulted in over
6500 Confederate
casualties
Fish hook – Picketts’ Charge
Impact of Gettysburg
• Confederates lost 28,000
men (one-third of army)
• Union lost 23,000 men
(one-quarter of army)
• Town overwhelmed by
dead and wounded soldiers
• Lee unable to rebuild army
• Turning point of the war
A Confederate soldier lies dead at
“Devil’s Den”
Siege of Vicksburg
Union troops surround Vicksburg during
the siege
• Key to total Union
control of the
Mississippi River
• Several attempts by
Grant to take the city
failed
• Grant barraged the city
for two months
• Vicksburg fell on July
4, 1863
The Gettysburg Address
• Lincoln invited to attend
cemetery dedication
• Everett the principal
speaker
• At the time, Lincoln’s
two-minute speech was
considered great by
some, a failure by others
The only known picture of Lincoln
(lower center) at the Gettysburg
Cemetery dedication
The “Wilderness Campaign”
• War of attrition – tire
out opponent w/
constant attacks
• Sought to crush Lee’s
army in Virginia
• Fought in dense forest
near Fredericksburg
• Grant criticized for
taking high losses
Grant at Cold Harbor during
the Wilderness Campaign
Sherman’s “March to the Sea”
• Sherman sought to
break the South’s ability
to make war
• Captured Atlanta in
September 1864
• Led the March to the
Sea from Atlanta to
Savannah
• Took Savannah by
Christmas 1864
Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman
Total War
Destroy Everything in your path
Election of 1864
A political cartoon shows Lincoln and Davis tearing a
U.S. map while McClellan tries to intercede
• Lincoln sought
reelection
• Democrats
nominated
McClellan
• Union victories
helped Republican
campaign
• Lincoln won by
large margin
Lincoln’s Second Inaugural
Lincoln addresses the crowd
at his second inauguration. It
is believed that John Wilkes
Booth is the figure at top row
center.
The Fall of Richmond
• Lee told Davis the
capital was in danger
• Davis ordered
evacuation
• Union forces took
Richmond
• Lincoln toured the city
soon after
The remains of buildings after the
Union invasion, April 1865
The 13th Amendment
Illustration depicting the Senate debate
over the 13th Amendment
• Proposed and coauthored by Senator
Henderson of Missouri
• Approved by Congress
in January 1865
• Ratified by 27 states
by December 1865
• Abolished
“involuntary
servitude”
Surrender at Appomattox
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Lee realized his position was hopeless
Asked to meet with Grant
Met in Appomattox on April 9, 1865
Lenient surrender terms
An artist’s
rendition of the
meeting
Lincoln’s Assassination
• April 14, 1865, at
Ford’s Theater
• Shot by actor John
Wilkes Booth
• Booth killed 12 days
later
• Vice President Andrew
Johnson became
president
An illustration of Lincoln’s
assassination
Impact of the War
Freedmen disinter bodies of soldiers killed at
Cold Harbor for reburial after the war
Impact of the War: the Union
• 111,000 killed in action
• 250,000 killed by non-military causes (mostly
disease)
• Over 275,000 wounded
• Estimated cost in today’s dollars: $6.19 billion
Union dead at
Gettysburg
Impact of the War:
the Confederacy
• 93,000 killed in
battle
• 165,000 killed by
non-military
causes
• Over 137,000
wounded
• Estimated cost in
today’s dollars:
$2.10 billion
Destruction in Atlanta after Sherman’s
troops took the city
The Road to Reconstruction
President Andrew Johnson
• Lincoln’s assassination led
to rise of “Radical
Republicans”
• Conflict over how to best
deal with the former
Confederate states
• Reconstruction period
brought about great
political upheaval
• South “punished” for
causing the war