Transcript Civil War Battles - Part 1

Review Questions:
• Where were the first shots of the Civil War
fired? “Fort S_ _ _ _ _ _ _R”
• What advantages did the South have at the
outset of war?
• What advantages did the North have at the
outset of war?
CIVIL WAR
ADVANTAGES/DISADVANTAGES
NORTH
ADVANTAGES
Larger population
More industry
More resources
Better banking system
More railroad mileage
Abraham Lincoln
More ships
DISADVANTAGES
Faced hostile people
Southern territory unfamiliar
CIVIL WAR
ADVANTAGES/DISADVANTAGES
SOUTH
ADVANTAGES
Strong popular support
Familiar territory
Superior military leadership
DISADVANTAGES
Smaller population
Few factories
Less food production
Fewer railroad miles
Fewer ships
Jefferson Davis
Belief in states’ rights
Strategies
Anaconda Plan
•Use a Blockade to cut off the south.
•Stops supplies and reinforcements
• Control the Mississippi to cut the south in half
•But the plan takes a lot of time
•Lincoln does not want to wait and order the
invasion of Virginia.
King Cotton
•South used a defensive war.
•Try to make allies with other countries
(Britain and France)
•Europe needs cotton
•South tries force them to help by
controlling cotton trade.
CIVIL WAR
STRATEGIES
NORTH
The Anaconda Plan
1. Blockade the South
2. Split the Confederacy by gaining
control of the Mississippi River
3. Capture Richmond, the Confederate
capital
CIVIL WAR
STRATEGIES
SOUTH
WIN RECOGNITION AS AN
INDEPENDENT NATION
1. Capture Washington, D.C.
2. Seize central Pennsylvania
3. Defend homeland until
North tired of fighting
4. Get Britain to pressure
North to end blockade to
restore cotton supplies
AIM: American Civil War Battles
– Part 1
1st Battle of Bull Run
Who
When/Where
Union: General
When:
Irvin McDowell
July 21, 1861
Where:
Confederate: Thomas
J. Jackson aka: “Stonewall Jackson”
Bull Run (Manasses)
What
Total Dead:
4,700
 Lincoln orders 30,000 inexperienced soldiers
towards Richmond
 Met inexperienced Confederate Army
 Battle was close (back & forth)
 Picnickers in nice clothes watched battle from
afar – held up Union retreat
Who Won?
Confederacy: “Jackson standing like a Stonewall”
So What?
(Results)




Union troops retreat to DC
Confederate troops too tired to attack DC
Confederate morale is UP
Reality check: Maybe war is not going to be
easy!!!
General George McClellan
Lincoln Appoints McClellan
trains “Army of the Potomac”
Fort Henry & Fort Donelson
Who
Union: Ulysses
S. Grant
Confederate: ~ not important~ (Gen Lloyd Tilghman/John B. Floyd)
When:
When/Where
What
Total Dead:
17,517
Who Won?
So What?
(Results)
Feb. 6 1862: Henry
Feb 11-16, 1862: Donelson
Where:
Tennessee
 Part of Anaconda Plan
o Divide Confederacy @ Mississippi
 11 Days: Captured 2 Confederate Forts
Union
 Grant establishes reputation as a solid
General – Known as “ Unconditional
Surrender Grant”
 Begins to divide Confederacy
Shiloh
Union: Ulysses
Who
When/Where
What
Total Dead:
23,746
Who Won?
So What?
(Results)
S. Grant/Don Carlos Buell
Confederate: Albert S. Johnston/Pgt. Beauregard
When:
April 6-7, 1862
Where: Tennessee
 Grant’s troops resting @ church near Shiloh, TN
o Not prepared for battle
o Not enough patrol
 Confederate troops surprise attack
 Grant reorganizes troops & defeats Confederacy
Union
 Strategic Lesson: importance of scouts &
fortifications
 Emphasized the bloodiness of war
o ¼ of the 100,000 who fought died, wounded
or were captured
New Orleans
Who
When/Where
What
Total Dead: 0
Who Won?
So What?
(Results)
Union: David
Farragut (60 years old)
Confederate: ~ not important~ (Mansfield Lovell)
When:
April 25 – May 1, 1862
Where: New
Orleans, LA
 Union Fleet: 40 Ships approach New
Orleans – CRUCIAL PORT
 Took over the 2 Confederate Ships
Union
 Blockading Ports: esp. this crucial port
 Can split Confederacy from North/South
Mississippi
The Generals
George McClellan





“Army of the Potomac”
Excellent Admin.
Popular with Troops
Extremely Cautious
Five Months of Training
Army
 Insisted on more men –
criticized
 “All quiet on the Potomac”
 Lincoln: “Borrow
McClellan’s army is the
general himself was not
going to use it”
Robert E. Lee
 Modest man
 Thinks outside the box
 Opposed secession & freed
slaves
 Lincoln had asked for him
to lead the Union Army
 Supported Virginia (his
home state)
Seven Day’S BattleS
Who
When/Where
What
Total Dead:
37,957
Who Won?
So What?
(Results)
Union: George
McClellan
Confederate: Robert E. Lee
When: June
25 – July 1 , 1862
Where: Virginia
 6 battles in 7 days
 Lee’s attempt to save Richmond
(Confederate Capital)
o Used unorthodox method to move
McClellan from Richmond
Confederate (although they lost more men)
 McClellan’s “Army of the Potomac” pushed
back
Antietam
Who
Union: George
McClellan
Sept. 17, 1862
Confederate: Robert
E. Lee
Where: Sharpsburg,
Maryland
When/Where
When:
What
Total Dead:
23,100-26,000
 1st battle on Northern soil
 McClellan’s troops take on Lee’s Army
 McClellan was aggressive
o BUT didn’t chase Lee’s troops when they
retreated!
Who Won?
So What?
(Results)
Inconclusive (Strategically Union victory)
 BLOODIEST SINGLE DAY BATTLE in
American History
 ¼ of Lee’s Army lost
 McClellan is fired by Lincoln in November
1862 for having “the Slows”
Antietam
Fredericksburg & Chancellorsville, VA
Who
When/Where
Union: Burnside then Hooker
When:
December 1862/May 1863
Confederate: Lee/ Jackson
Where: Virginia
What
Total Dead:
F-burg:
17,975
C-ville:
29,800
Burnside attacks CSA stronghold & fails @
Fredericksburg
At Chancellorsville, VA, CSA is outnumbered –
Lee’s strategies save the day!
oUnion lost
oStonewall Jackson shot by “friendly fire” when
returning from patrol
oLost left arm
oDies of pneumonia few days later
Who Won?
2 Confederate Victories
So What?
(Results)
Confederate wins – begins 1863 on a good note!
Stonewall Jackson DIES @ Chancellorsville
oReplaced by James Longstreet
CSA Feeling Good!
Lee decides to venture into Union
territory – Pennsylvania
• Why do that?!?
– Supplies
– Get USA to move troops from Vicksburg
on Miss River
– CSA victory in the north will upset politics
in the north
[July 1-3, 1863] Gettysburg
Overview
• Small PA town, 3 day battle, TURNING POINT IN WAR,
94o & humid, CSA looking for shoes
Day 1
• Confederates looking for shoes go into PA
• Gets into a fight w/Union cavalry
– Fighting attracts additional troops in this unlikely
town of Gettysburg
• Confederates took town, Union retreated to a HILL
[July 1-3, 1863] Gettysburg
Day 2
• 90,000 Yankees/ 75,000 Confederates
• Little Round Top abandoned by mistake – Key
position
• Lee orders troops to Little Round Top
(offensive strategy)
• 20th Maine troops went to defend
– Under command of Chamberlain
• 20th Maine & Chamberlain: defend hill
successfully
[July 1-3, 1863] Gettysburg
Day 3
• Lee commits Confederate troops to one final
attack to center of Union line – Longstreet
disagrees
• Guns quieted in afternoon – Lee thought
Union was weakened - orders CHARGE!
• Pickett’s Charge: CSA loses 75% of men
[July 1-3, 1863] Gettysburg
So What? Results
• Lee retreats to VA – Army/CSA never
recovers
• Lee deterred from going on offensive again
• Each side loses 30% of men
• Union: 23,000/CSA:28,000
Review
• How many days was Gettysburg fought for?
• Who was the General at Gettysburg?
• Why did the CSA forces decide to head into
PA?
• What did Lee expect would happen if they
scored a win in the North?
Siege of Vicksburg - What
• Army of the Potomac in PA – Won Gettysburg
• Grant & forces want to gain complete control
of the Miss. River
– Vicksburg was one of the 2 CSA forts preventing
control over the Miss. River
– Strategic location
• Grierson & cavalry
– Weakened RR & transport
– Distract rebels so infantry can get to Vicksburg
Siege of Vicksburg - What
• Weakened defenses – bombarded fort
with gun/cannon fire
• Starve out inhabitants – ate mules, dogs,
rats
• Siege: May (late) – July 6 WEEKS!
• July 3rd (same day as Pickett’s Charge) Terms of surrender offered
• City Fell – July 4th
Siege of Vicksburg – Results
• A few days later last CSA holdout fell – CSA officially
split in 2!
Outside the lines
November 19, 1863 - Gettysburg Address
• Ceremony to dedicate a cemetery in Gettysburg,
where Lincoln was asked to add a few remarks.
Lincoln follows a two-hour speech with his two
minute speech – Unifies nation!
• Morale in CSA went down as war went on – Why?
• March 1864 – Lincoln appoints U.S. Grant as
commander of all Union armies
Outside the lines
• Grant appoints William Tecumseh Sherman
commander of military division of Mississippi
• Grant & Sherman’s commitment to WAR – TOTAL
WAR
• Essential to fight South’s CIVILIAN population
• Why?
• Civilians produced weapons, grew food and
transported goods
• Civilians & their willingness to fight keeps battle
going
The Virginia Campaign - What
• From Wilderness to Petersburg, Grant keeps
pushing Lee back
• Not all battles won by Union
– CSA lost 35,000 men (COULD NOT REPLACE)
– USA lost 65,000 men (COULD REPLACE)
• Grant is called a “butcher”
The Virginia Campaign - Results
• Union pushed back Confederate forces to
south Virginia
• Killed men who the CSA could not replace
Sherman’s March to the Sea - WHAT
• Sept 1864 – Sherman takes Atlanta “Burning of
Atlanta”
• Abandons supply lines @ Atlanta - creates line
of destruction to the Sea
• Lived off land as they went
• Destroyed land as they went; freed approx
25,000 slaves who eagerly joined Union army
• Ultimate goal – SOUTH CAROLINA
– Why?
Sherman’s March to the Sea – So
What? – Results!
• Example of TOTAL WAR (not sparing
civilians & land
– civilians are helping the war w/ food &
weapons production, etc.
• Continued to S.C. capital – Columbia!
– Center of railroads, printing presses
• Turns north - help Grant fight Lee
Sherman’s March to the Sea
November 15-December 20, 1864
•General William Tecumseh
Sherman, Union troops push to
Atlanta
•Captures Atlanta (September
1864), marches to sea, wages
total war
As the Union army moved through
the South, they would destroy train
tracks by heating up the rails and
bending them into a bow which
became known as “Sherman’s
Neckties”
•Union troops tear up rail lines,
destroy crops, burn and loot
towns
•Sherman’s success helps
Lincoln win re-election
• Sherman captures Savannah
Sherman’s March to the Sea
CW Battles - Review Questions
• What was the first battle of the Civil
War?
• What was a major result of this
battle?
• What famous CSA general gained his
nickname at this battle?
• Who did Lincoln hire to lead the
Union forces after the first battle?
CW Battles - Review Questions
• In the Western theatre of war, Grant had a huge
victory in Feb 1862 – where did this victory take
place?
• Why was this significant?
• What nickname did Grant earn for being a
stubborn negotiator?
• 1 month later, Grant and his forces were
surprised – Where?
• What was Grant miraculously able to do?
• Why was this battle significant?
CW Battles - Review Questions
• What was the 3 part strategy used by the
Union forces?
• What key Confederate port was needed to
execute this strategy?
• Who was appointed leader of the Confederate
forces?
• How was the leader of the Confederate forces
able to save Richmond in the Summer of
1862?
CW Battles - Review Questions
• What was the first battle on Northern Soil?
• What is the significance of this battle?
• What strategic mistake did McClellan make
during this battle?
Emancipation Proclamation
Lincoln issues Emancipation Proclamation
– Free slaves in rebel territories only
– Military order by Commander-in-Chief
– Effective Jan. 1, 1863
Lincoln’s Logic
1. Rebels use slave labor
2. Northern morale was low
3. End possibility of England/France joining South
Reactions to the Proclamation
• Symbolic value - gives war high moral purpose
• Free blacks fight – 160,000 – turns tide of war
• Northern Dems claim: will prolong war – WHY?
– Confederacy: more determined to preserve way of
life
– Alienation!
• Compromise no longer possible - one side must
defeat the other
A Revolution in Warfare
Ironclads
• New ironclad ships instrumental in victories of Grant, Farragut
• Ironclads splinter wooden ships, withstand cannon, resist
burning
• March 1862, North’s Monitor, South’s Merrimack fight to a draw
New Weapons
• Rifles more accurate, faster loading, fire more rounds than
muskets
• Minié ball (more destructive bullet), grenades, land mines are
used
• Fighting from trenches, barricades new advantage in infantry
attacks
Section 1
The Civil War Begins
The secession of Southern states cause the
North and the South to take up arms.
NEXT
SECTION
1
The Civil War Begins
Confederates Fire on Fort Sumter
The Confederacy Takes Control
• Confederate soldiers take over government,
military installations
• Fort Sumter—Union outpost in Charleston harbor
• Confederates demand surrender of Fort Sumter
Lincoln’s Dilemma
• Reinforcing fort by force would lead rest of slave
states to secede
• Evacuating fort would legitimize Confederacy,
endanger Union
Continued . . .
NEXT
SECTION
1
continued
Confederates Fire on Fort Sumter
First Shots
• Lincoln does not reinforce or evacuate, just
sends food
• For South, no action would damage sovereignty
of Confederacy
• Jefferson Davis chooses to turn peaceful
secession into war
- fires on Sumter April 12, 1861
Virginia Secedes
• Fall of Fort Sumter unites North; volunteers rush
to enlist
• Virginia unwilling to fight South; secedes from Union
- antislavery western counties secede from VA
• Three more states secede; border states remain
in Union
Image
Map
NEXT
SECTION
1
Americans Expect a Short War
Union and Confederate Strategies
• Union advantages: soldiers, factories, food, railroads
• Confederate advantages: cotton profits, generals,
motivation
• Anaconda plan: Union strategy to conquer South
- blockade Southern ports
- divide Confederacy in two in west
- capture Richmond, Confederate capital
• Confederate strategy: defense, invade North if
opportunity arises
Chart
Bull Run
• Bull Run—first battle, near Washington;
Confederate victory
• Thomas J. Jackson called Stonewall Jackson
for firm stand in battle
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SECTION
1
Union Armies in the West
Protecting Washington, D.C.
• After Bull Run, Lincoln calls for 1 million
additional soldiers
• Appoints General George McClellan to lead
Army of the Potomac
Forts Henry and Donelson
• General Ulysses S. Grant—brave, tough,
decisive commander in West
• Feb. 1862, Grant captures Confederate Forts
Henry, Donelson
Image
Continued . . .
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SECTION
1
continued
Union Armies in the West
Interactive
Shiloh
• March1862, Confederate troops surprise Union
soldiers at Shiloh
• Grant counterattacks; Confederates retreat;
thousands dead, wounded
• Shiloh teaches preparation needed,
Confederacy vulnerable in West
Farragut on the Lower Mississippi
• David G. Farragut commands fleet that takes
New Orleans, April 1862
- takes Baton Rouge, Natchez
NEXT
SECTION
1
A Revolution in Warfare
Ironclads
• New ironclad ships instrumental in victories of
Grant, Farragut
• Ironclads splinter wooden ships, withstand
cannon, resist burning
• March 1862, North’s Monitor, South’s Merrimack
fight to a draw
Image
New Weapons
• Rifles more accurate, faster loading, fire more
rounds than muskets
• Minié ball (more destructive bullet), grenades, land
mines are used
• Fighting from trenches, barricades new advantage
in infantry attacks
NEXT
SECTION
1
The War for the Capitals
“On to Richmond”
• McClellan waits to attack Richmond; drills troops
for 5 months
• Spring 1862, Robert E. Lee takes command of
Southern army
• Lee, McClellan fight Seven Days’ Battle; Union
leaves Richmond area
Interactive
Antietam
• Lee wins Second Battle of Bull Run; marches into
Maryland
• Lee, McClellan clash at Antietam—bloodiest
single-day battle
• Battle a standoff; Confederates retreat; McClellan
does not pursue
- Lincoln fires McClellan
NEXT
Section 2
The Politics of War
By issuing the Emancipation Proclamation,
President Lincoln makes slavery the focus of
the war.
NEXT
SECTION
2
The Politics of War
Britain Remains Neutral
Britain Pursues Its Own Interests
• Britain has cotton inventory, new sources; does
not need South
• Needs Northern wheat, corn; chooses neutrality
The Trent Affair
• Confederate diplomats travel on Trent to get
British, French support
• U.S. Navy arrests them; Lincoln frees them,
averts war with Britain
NEXT
SECTION
2
Proclaiming Emancipation
Lincoln’s View of Slavery
• Federal government has no power to abolish
slavery where it exists
• Lincoln decides army can emancipate slaves who
labor for Confederacy
• Emancipation discourages Britain from supporting
the South
Emancipation Proclamation
• Emancipation Proclamation—issued by
Lincoln in 1863:
- frees slaves behind Confederate lines
- does not apply to areas occupied by Union or
slave states in Union
Continued . . .
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SECTION
2
continued
Proclaiming Emancipation
Reactions to the Proclamation
• Proclamation has symbolic value, gives war
high moral purpose
• Free blacks welcome ability to fight against
slavery
• Northern Democrats claim will antagonize
South, prolong war
• Confederacy becomes more determined to
preserve way of life
• Compromise no longer possible; one side must
defeat the other
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SECTION
2
Both Sides Face Political Problems
Dealing with Dissent
• Neither side completely unified; both sides face
divided loyalties
• Lincoln suspends habeas corpus:
- order to bring accused to court, name charges
• Seizes telegraph offices so cannot be used for
subversion
• Copperheads—Northern Democrats advocating
peace—among arrested
• Davis denounces Lincoln, then suspends habeas
corpus in South
• Lincoln expands presidential powers, sets precedent
Image
Continued . . .
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SECTION
2
continued
Both Sides Face Political Problems
Conscription
• Casualties, desertions lead to conscription—draft
to serve in army
• Both armies allow draftees to hire substitutes to
serve for them
• Planters with more than 20 slaves exempted
• 90% eligible Southerners serve; 92% Northern
soldiers volunteer
Draft Riots
• White workers fear Southern blacks will come North,
compete for jobs
• Angry at having to free slaves, mobs rampage
through New York City
NEXT