Transcript No Slide Title

The Tide of War Turns,
1863–1865
The Civil War is won
by the Union and
strongly affects the
nation.
Union soldiers sitting in front
of a tent.
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The Tide of War Turns,
1863–1865
SECTION 1
The Emancipation Proclamation
SECTION 2
War Affects Society
SECTION 3
The North Wins
SECTION 4
The Legacy of the War
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Section 1
The Emancipation
Proclamation
In 1863, President Lincoln issues the
Emancipation Proclamation, which helps to
change the war’s course.
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SECTION
1
The Emancipation Proclamation
Calls for Emancipation
• Abolitionists, Frederick Douglass, urge Lincoln to
emancipate slaves
• President Lincoln does not feel he has power to
abolish slavery
• Does not want to divide the nation further by freeing
slaves
• If freeing the slaves weakens the South, then
Lincoln would do it
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SECTION
1
The Emancipation Proclamation
• President Lincoln issues Emancipation
Proclamation (January 1, 1863):
- frees all slaves in Confederate territory
• Frees southern slaves, weaken South, makes
proclamation military action
• Lincoln asks Congress to gradually abolish slavery
throughout Union
• Few slaves actually liberated because most live far
from Union troops
• Proclamation makes Civil War a war of liberation
Image
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Response to the Proclamation
• Abolitionists are happy about Emancipation
Proclamation
• Some Northern Democrats afraid proclamation will
anger South more
• Most Union soldiers welcome proclamation, it
makes South weaker
• Southerners outraged, many slaves begin to run
away to Union lines:
- deprives Confederacy of labor
- provides Union with soldiers
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African American Soldiers
• Emancipation Proclamation lets African American
men join Union army
• After emancipation, African Americans rush to join
army
• African American soldiers are often given worse
jobs, less pay
• Show great courage on the battlefield
• By war’s end, 180,000 black soldiers in Union army
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The 54th Massachusetts
• African American 54th Massachusetts Regiment
1st organized in North
• Leads heroic attack on Fort Wagner in South
Carolina (July 1863)
• Heroics of 54th lead to increased African American
enlistment
• African American prisoners often shot or returned to
slavery by South
Image
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Section 2
War Affects Society
The Civil War causes social, economic, and
political changes in the North and
the South.
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SECTION
2
War Affects Society
Disagreement About the War
• Southerners grow weary of war, Confederate
deserters increase
• Copperheads—Northern Democrats that favor
peace with South
• Lincoln has protesters arrested, suspends writ of
habeas corpus
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2
The Draft Laws
• North, South pass laws of conscription, also
known as the draft:
- require men to serve in military
• In South, North men can hire substitutes to serve in
their place
• North offers bounties, cash payments, to men who
volunteer to serve
• Anger over draft leads to New York City draft riots
(July 1863)
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Economic Effects of the War
• Inflation—an increase in price and decrease in the
value of money
• In South, food shortage, inflation are common
• In North, inflation is less, war boosts industry
• U.S. establishes the first income tax—a tax on
earnings (1861)
• U.S. issues new paper money, greenbacks, which:
- ensures people have money to spend
- helps Union pay for the war
Chart
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SECTION
2
Resistance by Slaves
• To hurt Southern economy, slaves:
- slow their work pace or stop altogether
- sabotage crops and farm equipment
- refuse to join fleeing planters
• Many enslaved people run away from plantations,
join Union army
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Women Aid the War Effort
• Many women run farms, take over “men’s” work in
factories, offices
• Work for soldier relief agencies and as nurses
• In North, Dorothea Dix is leader of about 3,000
nurses
• Women serve as spies, including:
- Harriet Tubman for North
- Belle Boyd for South
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Civil War Prison Camps
• In North, South prisoners of war face terrible
conditions
• Prison camp at Elmira, New York, is one of the
worst in North
• Camp at Andersonville, Georgia, is one of the worst
in South
• Thousands of prisoners die of sickness, exposure
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Section 3
The North Wins
Thanks to victories, beginning with
Gettysburg and ending with Richmond, the
Union survives.
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SECTION
3
The North Wins
The Road to Gettysburg
• President Lincoln names Ambrose Burnside as
commander of U.S. army
• Burnside loses to Confederates at Battle of
Fredericksburg (1862)
• Lincoln replaces Burnside with General Joseph
Hooker
• Hooker loses to Confederates at Chancellorsville,
Virginia
• Confederate General “Stonewall” Jackson is killed
at Chancellorsville
• General Lee decides to invade North again to:
- fuel Northern discontent with war
- gain European support
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3
The Battle of Gettysburg
• Union, Confederate forces fight 3 days, Battle of
Gettysburg (1863)
• Confederate attack, known as Pickett’s Charge,
fails
• General Lee, Confederates retreat, Union army fails
to pursue
• Lee’s hopes for a Confederate victory in the North
are crushed
Interactive
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3
The Siege of Vicksburg
• General Grant, troops fight Confederates at Siege
of Vicksburg
• After a month and a half siege, Confederates
surrender (July 1863)
• Union has control of entire Mississippi River, South
is split in two
• Britain gives up all thought of supporting the South
Map
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3
Sherman’s Total War
• President Lincoln names General Grant
commander of Union armies
• General William Tecumseh Sherman, Union
troops push to Atlanta
• Captures Atlanta (September 1864), marches to
sea, wages total war
• Union troops tear up rail lines, destroy crops, burn
and loot towns
• Sherman’s success helps Lincoln win re-election
• Sherman captures Savannah (December 1864)
Interactive
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3
Grant’s Virginia Campaign
• Grant’s army, Lee’s army fight series of battles in
Virginia
• Despite high casualties, Grant’s army continues to
advance
• Grant’s army lays siege on Richmond, Virginia, for
10 months
• General Lee, troops evacuate Richmond, Grant
captures the city
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3
Surrender at Appomattox
• General Lee sends message, he is ready to
surrender to General Grant
• Surrender arrangements made at Appomattox
Court House (April 9, 1865)
• Grant offers generous terms, Confederates can
return home in peace
• After four long years, the Civil War comes to a close
Image
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Section 4
The Legacy of the War
The Civil War brings great changes and new
challenges to the United States.
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SECTION
4
The Legacy of the War
Costs of the War
• Many Northerners, Southerners have bitter feelings
toward each other
• President Lincoln hopes to heal the nation, bring
North, South together
• Civil War, deadliest war in American history; has
great economic costs
Chart
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SECTION
4
The Thirteenth Amendment
• Emancipation Proclamation only frees slaves in the
Confederacy
• Thirteenth Amendment (1865) bans slavery in the
entire U.S.
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4
Lincoln’s Assassination
• John Wilkes Booth shoots President Lincoln at
Ford’s Theatre
• Booth’s accomplice stabs Secretary of State
William Seward
• Lincoln dies morning after, (April 15, 1865), Seward
recovers
• First American president to be assassinated
• U.S. troops kill Booth, capture his accomplices
• Lincoln’s murder stuns the nation, causes intense
grief
Image
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4
Consequences of the War
• U.S. is viewed as single country not collection of
states
• The Civil War also causes:
- national government to expand
- national government to grow more powerful
- new industries to grow rapidly
- economic disaster in the South
Chart
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