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Section 1
The Emancipation
Proclamation
In 1863, President Lincoln issues the
Emancipation Proclamation, which helps to
change the war’s course.
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The Emancipation Proclamation
Calls for Emancipation
• Abolitionists, Frederick Douglass, urge Lincoln to
emancipate slaves
• President Lincoln does not feel he has power to
abolish slavery
• Does not want to divide the nation further by freeing
slaves
• If freeing the slaves weakens the South, then
Lincoln would do it
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The Emancipation Proclamation
Abraham Lincoln reading a draft of
the Emancipation Proclamation to
his cabinet on July 22, 1862.
• President Lincoln issues Emancipation
Proclamation (January 1, 1863):
- frees all slaves in Confederate territory
• Frees southern slaves, weaken South, makes
proclamation military action
• Lincoln asks Congress to gradually abolish slavery
throughout Union
• Few slaves actually liberated because most live far
from Union troops
• Proclamation makes Civil War a war of liberation
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Response to the Proclamation
• Abolitionists are happy about Emancipation
Proclamation
• Some Northern Democrats afraid proclamation will
anger South more
• Most Union soldiers welcome proclamation, it
makes South weaker
• Southerners outraged, many slaves begin to run
away to Union lines:
- deprives Confederacy of labor
- provides Union with soldiers
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African American Soldiers
• Emancipation Proclamation lets African American
men join Union army
• After emancipation, African Americans rush to join
army
• African American soldiers are often given worse
jobs, less pay
• Show great courage on the battlefield
• By war’s end, 180,000 black soldiers in Union army
The 107th Colored Infantry stand guard (about 1860–1865).
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The 54th Massachusetts
• African American 54th Massachusetts Regiment
1st organized in North
• Leads heroic attack on Fort Wagner in South
Carolina (July 1863)
• Heroics of 54th lead to increased African American
enlistment
• African American prisoners often shot or returned to
slavery by South
The storming of Fort Wagner, South Carolina, by the
54th Massachusetts Colored Regiment on July 18,
1863. Depiction (1890), Kurz & Allison.
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Section 2
War Affects Society
The Civil War causes social, economic, and
political changes in the North and
the South.
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War Affects Society
Disagreement About the War
• Southerners grow weary of war, Confederate
deserters increase
• Copperheads—Northern Democrats that favor
peace with South
• Lincoln has protesters arrested, suspends writ of
habeas corpus
Political cartoon showing the Union
defending itself against "Copperheads."
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The Draft Laws
• North, South pass laws of conscription, also
known as the draft:
- require men to serve in military
• In South, North men can hire substitutes to serve in
their place
• North offers bounties, cash payments, to men who
volunteer to serve
• Anger over draft leads to New York City draft riots
(July 1863)
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Economic Effects of the War
• Inflation—an increase in price and decrease in the
value of money
• In South, food shortage, inflation are common
• In North, inflation is less, war boosts industry
• U.S. establishes the first income tax—a tax on
earnings (1861)
• U.S. issues new paper money, greenbacks, which:
- ensures people have money to spend
- helps Union pay for the war
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Resistance by Slaves
• To hurt Southern economy, slaves:
- slow their work pace or stop altogether
- sabotage crops and farm equipment
- refuse to join fleeing planters
• Many enslaved people run away from plantations,
join Union army
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Women Aid the War Effort
• Many women run farms, take over “men’s” work in
factories, offices
• Work for soldier relief agencies and as nurses
• In North, Dorothea Dix is leader of about 3,000
nurses
• Women serve as spies, including:
- Harriet Tubman for North
- Belle Boyd for South
Nurse Anne Bell caring for two wounded
Federal soldiers during the Civil War.
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Civil War Prison Camps
• In North, South prisoners of war face terrible
conditions
• Prison camp at Elmira, New York, is one of the
worst in North
• Camp at Andersonville, Georgia, is one of the worst
in South
• Thousands of prisoners die of sickness, exposure
Prison camp at Andersonville, Georgia.
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Section 3
The North Wins
Thanks to victories, beginning with
Gettysburg and ending with Richmond, the
Union survives.
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The North Wins
The Road to Gettysburg
• President Lincoln names Ambrose Burnside as
commander of U.S. army
• Burnside loses to Confederates at Battle of
Fredericksburg (1862)
• Lincoln replaces Burnside with General Joseph
Hooker
• Hooker loses to Confederates at Chancellorsville,
Virginia
• Confederate General “Stonewall” Jackson is killed
at Chancellorsville
• General Lee decides to invade North again to:
- fuel Northern discontent with war
- gain European support
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The Battle of Gettysburg
• Union, Confederate forces fight 3 days, Battle of
Gettysburg (1863)
• Confederate attack, known as Pickett’s Charge,
fails
• General Lee, Confederates retreat, Union army fails
to pursue
• Lee’s hopes for a Confederate victory in the North
are crushed
Interactive
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The Siege of Vicksburg
• General Grant, troops fight Confederates at Siege
of Vicksburg
• After a month and a half siege, Confederates
surrender (July 1863)
• Union has control of entire Mississippi River, South
is split in two
• Britain gives up all thought of supporting the South
Map
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Sherman’s Total War
• President Lincoln names General Grant
commander of Union armies
• General William Tecumseh Sherman, Union
troops push to Atlanta
• Captures Atlanta (September 1864), marches to
sea, wages total war
• Union troops tear up rail lines, destroy crops, burn
and loot towns
• Sherman’s success helps Lincoln win re-election
• Sherman captures Savannah (December 1864)
Interactive
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Grant’s Virginia Campaign
• Grant’s army, Lee’s army fight series of battles in
Virginia
• Despite high casualties, Grant’s army continues to
advance
• Grant’s army lays siege on Richmond, Virginia, for
10 months
• General Lee, troops evacuate Richmond, Grant
captures the city
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Surrender at Appomattox
• General Lee sends message, he is ready to
surrender to General Grant
• Surrender arrangements made at Appomattox
Court House (April 9, 1865)
• Grant offers generous terms, Confederates can
return home in peace
• After four long years, the Civil War comes to a close
General Lee surrendering to General Grant at Appomattox
Court House, Virginia, on April 9, 1865. Photograph (1887).
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Section 4
The Legacy of the War
The Civil War brings great changes and new
challenges to the United States.
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The Legacy of the War
Costs of the War
• Many Northerners, Southerners have bitter feelings
toward each other
• President Lincoln hopes to heal the nation, bring
North, South together
• Civil War, deadliest war in American history; has
great economic costs
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The Thirteenth Amendment
• Emancipation Proclamation only frees slaves in the
Confederacy
• Thirteenth Amendment (1865) bans slavery in the
entire U.S.
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Lincoln’s Assassination
The assassination of President Abraham
Lincoln by John Wilkes Booth at Ford’s
Theatre in Washington, D.C., on April 14, 1865.
• John Wilkes Booth shoots President Lincoln at
Ford’s Theatre
• Booth’s accomplice stabs Secretary of State
William Seward
• Lincoln dies morning after, (April 15, 1865), Seward
recovers
• First American president to be assassinated
• U.S. troops kill Booth, capture his accomplices
• Lincoln’s murder stuns the nation, causes intense
grief
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Consequences of the War
• U.S. is viewed as single country not collection of
states
• The Civil War also causes:
- national government to expand
- national government to grow more powerful
- new industries to grow rapidly
- economic disaster in the South
Chart
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