Transcript Document

Fire-eaters
F. Matthews
Southerners who were champions of
southern nationalism and began to
demand an end to the union
Fire breathers
December 20, 1860—
South Carolina secedes from
the Union
By Feb. 1861,
MS, FL, AL, GA ,
LA and TX also
had seceded.
No state has the right
to secede from the
Union; however the
federal government
has no authority to
stop any state who
tries to do so.
April and May
1861, VA, AR,
NC & TN
seceded—11
Confederate
states
March 4, 1861—
Abraham Lincoln
inaugurated as
16th President
The Crittenden Compromise
Several amendments
Guarantee permanent
existence of slavery in
slave states and D. C.
Re-establish the
Missouri Compromise
line in all present and
future territory of U. S.
Republicans would not
accept; no expansion of
slavery.
April 12, 1861—South Carolina
militia under Brigadier General
P. T. Beauregard shell Fort
Sumter, outside Charleston, SC
Begins the Civil War
June 1861—Virginia’s western
counties secede from Virginia.
Jun. 20,
1863—
becomes
Union
state of
West
Virginia
Border states of Delaware, Kentucky,
Maryland, and Missouri stay in Union.
I do not see how a barbarous
community and a civilized
community can constitute one state.
Mrs. Frank Matthews
Emerson
These northern people hate
us, annoy us, and would
have us assassinated by our
slaves. . .
Comparisons
Manpower
Factories
Food
Production
North
South
Comparisons
Railroads
Cotton
Generals
North
South
Homestead Act
Any citizen or
prospective
citizen could
claim 160 acres
of public land &
purchase it for a
small fee after
living on it for
5 years
Morrill Land Grant Act
Transferred
substantial public
land acreage to
state governments,
which, in turn, were
to sell the land and
use proceeds to
finance public
education
Central Pacific
eastward from
Sacramento
Union Pacific
Westward from
Omaha, NE
Financing the war
Levying taxes
Borrowing
Issuing paper money—
uniform system of banknotes
Assembled cabinet
representing all factions of
Republican Party
Boldly used war powers of
the presidency
Sent troops into battle
without Congressional
declaration of war
(Domestic insurrection)
Military arrested civilians
Suspended right of habeas corpus
Election of 1864
A. Lincoln
A. Johnson
Republican
G. McClellan G. Pendleton
Democratic
Election of 1864
The Politics of Emancipation
T. Stevens C. Sumner B. Wade
Radicals
Use the war to abolish slavery,
Immediately and completely
The Politics of Emancipation
Conservatives—slower, more gradual, less
disruptive process for ending slavery
Lincoln—cautious; only issued an
executive order (The Emancipation
Proclamation) after Battle of Antietam
(Sep 1862), freeing, forever, slaves in all
areas of the Confederacy except those
already under Union control.
Proclamation did not apply to border
states
African-Americans in the Civil War
R. G. Shaw
Dorthea Dix Stanton &
Anthony
Clara Barton
Davis
was a
failure.
A. Brinkley
Jefferson Davis
Monumental and ultimately
impossible task:
Southern society not
used to heavy taxes
Small, unstable banking
system
Most wealth invested in slaves & land
$1 million of specie only
Income tax never provided much
revenue
Inflation: prices rose 9000%; 80% in
North
Conscription in South
End 1862: 500,000 ; after 1862, fewer
people through conscription
Draft 17-50; 100,000 desertions 1864-65
Devastating effect on southern
economy
Markets in North cut off
Export more difficult
Loss of non-slave work force
Destroyed land—most battles
fought on southern soil
Already inadequate rail system
destroyed
Massive shortages of everything
Assess me as Commanderin-Chief.
Numbers and resources
Took advantage of
material advantages
Realized proper objective
Destroy Confederate armies—not
occupation of Southern territory
Scott
McClellan
Halleck
Northern strategy Anaconda Plan
Winfield Scott
Blockade southern ports
Seize Mississippi River
Attack to seize Richmond
Four Theaters of Operations
East—east
of
West—between Appalachian
Mississippi
Mountains
River and
Appalachian Mts
Far West—
West of the
Mississippi
River
The Sea
Southern strategy
Defensive in nature defend
against Northern attacks
Robert E. Lee
Jefferson Davis
July 1861—The Union navy began
a blockade of the Southern
coast.
South responds with small, fast
blockade runners.
March 9, 1862—first battle of
ironclad ships.
USS Monitor vs. CSS Virginia
Battled to a draw. Both were
later sunk in storms
Great Britain and France initially
sympathetic to Southern cause
Cotton imports
U. S.: economic rival; eager to weaken
Some admired supposedly aristocratic
social order of South
England reluctant to act:
Powerful local support for Union
Antislavery movement
Why did no European nations aid the
Confederacy?
Antislavery movements
English manufacturers: surplus of
raw cotton and finished goods
Later, imported cotton from Egypt
and India
English did not clamor to have
blockade broken
The Trent Affair
Slidell
Mason
Wilkes
Confederate diplomats Slidell and Mason
boarded HMS Trent in Havana
USS San Jacinto (Wilkes) stopped on high seas
and arrested Mason and Slidell
British: demanded release, reparations, apology
The war in the far west
Vicious fighting in Kansas
and Missouri
Quantrill organized a band
of mostly teenage guerrilla
fighters; murderous—killed
almost all in their path
Jayhawkers: Union sympathizers from
Kansas; moved across western MO
exacting reprisals for actions of Quantrill
and other Confederate guerillas
First major battle:
First Manassas or Bull Run
McDowell
Beauregard
First Manassas or Bull Run
Northerners from Washington—
picnic atmosphere
McDowell initially
successful
Brigade under
Southern General Thomas J.
Jackson holds “like a stone wall.”
Southern reinforcements arrive;
McDowell routed. No Reb pursuit.
Lincoln replaced McDowell with
General George B. McClellan
McClellan began lengthy training
of his soldiers.
Battle of Shiloh—April 6-7, 1862
Western Theater
Demonstrated the slaughter the
war would become.
The Battle of Shiloh
U. S. Grant vs. A. J. Johnston
Grant had first taken Forts
Henry and Donelson
The Battle of Shiloh
Southwest
Tennessee
Johnston
attacked
Grant was
surprised
Late, 6 Apr. Grant and
General George Thomas
rallied Union forces and
held off Confederates.
The Battle of Shiloh
Johnston killed first day
Night of Day 1, Northern
reinforcements, under General
Lew Wallace, arrived.
North attacked back the next day
Battle ended as a draw—but the
Confederates did not attain goal
Casualties: 13,000 Union;
11,000 Confederate
April 1862—Union Admiral
David Farragut takes New Orleans
40 ships. Union controls lower
Mississippi River by June.
Meanwhile in the east:
McClellan fails to take Richmond
Too slow; too cautious
Defeated by
Army of N. VA:
Robt. E. Lee
Meanwhile in the east:
Stonewall Jackson
routes the Union
Army in the
Shenandoah
Valley
Union troops rush to
defend Washington.
Meanwhile in the east:
September 1862—energized by
Lee’s and Jackson’s victories in
the east, J. Davis orders Lee’s
Army of Northern Virginia to
invade the north.
Lee crosses the
Potomac River
From Virginia into
Maryland
McClellan,
based on
Lee’s battle
plan found
in a roll of
cigars. . .
meets Lee’s army near Sharpsburg
Battle of Antietam—Sep. 17
Single bloodiest day in American
history: 26,000 casualties
The Battle of Antietam
Actual battle a draw, but Lee
retreated.
McClellan refused to pursue
The Battle of Antietam
Lincoln fired McClellan
British and French decide against
entering on Confederate side
Sept. 22—Lincoln gives
Emancipation Proclamation
December 1862—New Union
commander, Ambrose Burnside
invades Virginia.
Battle of
Fredericksburg
Lee uses brilliant
feint & sweep tactics;
his greatest victory
1862 ends—Union controlling
west; Confederate slight edge in
east.
January 1, 1863: Emancipation
Proclamation
At first, Lincoln did
not believe that the
federal government
had the power to
free slaves where it
already existed.
Used Constitutional powers as
Commander in Chief—ordered
army to confiscate rebel supplies.
May 1863—
Battle of Chancellorsville
Joe Hooker attacks Lee
Hooker: 134,000 people
Lee: 60,000 people
Hooker split his force &
tried to encircle Lee
Cavalry under JEB
Stuart detect
Hooker’s plan.
Lee attacks Hooker on 3 sides
Stonewall Jackson’s
corps moves through
dense woods and
attacks Hooker’s
rear while Lee holds
the front.
Half of Hooker’s force is routed
and nearly completely destroyed.
While preparing to pursue and
completely destroy Hooker,
Jackson is wounded
by his own troops &
dies in a few days.
Pursuit ends.
Costliest Confederate
victory: 25% of Lee’s
force is lost plus Jackson.
Victory convinces President Davis
that Lee should again invade north
Meanwhile in the western theater:
Battle of
Vicksburg
One of two key,
turning point,
battles in 1863
If Union took
Vicksburg,
would control
Mississippi R.
Battle of Vicksburg
May 1863, Grant
tries two frontal
attacks on fortified
city of Vicksburg,
MS. Both fail.
Grant begins a 6-week siege—
Vicksburg falls July 4, 1863
Union controls Mississippi
River; South cut in half.
Back in the east. . .
Lee’s Army of
Northern VA
crosses into
Maryland and
then PA
Looking for supplies and a
decisive victory over Union Army.
Brings terms for Union surrender.
Lincoln replaces Hooker with
George G. Meade as Commander
of the Army of the Potomac.
Lee learns of a shoe
factory in small city of
Gettysburg and moves
his army toward there.
Turning
Point of the
Civil War
Battle of Gettysburg:1-3 July 1863
Gettysburg
Culp’s Hill
Cemetery
Ridge
Little Round Top
Big Round Top
Battle of Gettysburg:1-3 July 1863
Day 1
Confederate corps
under A. P. Hill
Chance meeting
with Union cavalry
under General
Buford
Buford holds, giving
Meade time to form the army
Battle of Gettysburg:1-3 July 1863
Gettysburg
Hill
Culp’s Hill
Buford
Cemetery
Ridge
Little Round Top
Big Round Top
Second Confederate corps under
General Ewell
Swings around
to the north of
Culp’s Hill
which is not
occupied
Because it is
late in the day, Ewell holds his
position. Gives north time to
prepare defense on Culp’s Hill.
Battle of Gettysburg:1-3 July 1863
Ewell
Gettysburg
Hill
Culp’s Hill
Cemetery
Ridge
Little Round Top
Big Round Top
Lee desperately needs
information about how
Union army is placed.
JEB Stuart
is busy
“grabbing
headlines”
and his
cavalry
does not provide Lee with info.
Day 2
Union in good defensive positions
against Ewell and Hill.
Lee’s third corps under
James Longstreet brings
up two divisions.
Attacks in south.
Union’s General Warren
recognizes weak spot on far
south of Union line. Hastily
places 20th Maine Regiment on
Little Round Top.
20th Maine under command of
a college professor named
Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain
Chamberlain must
hold at all costs.
Longstreet sees
opportunity for great
victory. Sends
Alabama division
under John B. Hood to attack.
Battle of Gettysburg:1-3 July 1863
Gettysburg
Culp’s Hill
Longstreet
Hood
Cemetery
Ridge
20th Maine
Little Round Top
Big Round Top
Day 2
20th Maine holds with less than
300 people.
Day 2 ends with north still in
command of the battlefield but
with one southern division still
coming up.
Day 3
Lee believes Meade has spread
himself too thin and that the
weak spot is in the middle.
Northern corps under
Major General
Winfield Hancock.
Lee decides to attack Hancock
with Longstreet’s third division—
Virginians under General George
Pickett
Attacks into a
horseshoe
High
water mark
of Confederacy
Pickett’s division wiped out
Meade chooses not to pursue
Lee’s worst defeat—
But Army
of Northern
Virginia
escapes
back into
Virginia.
November 1863—Dedication of
the Gettysburg Battlefield
Lincoln an afterthought, last minute
invitee.
After Edward Everett
spoke for 2 hours,
Lincoln gave the
Gettysburg Address:
one of our famous
speeches—2 ½ min
Four score and
seven years
ago…
In the west. . .
September 1863—Battle of
Chickamauga Creek
Confederates under Braxton
Bragg push Union forces back
to Chattanooga, TN.
November 1863—Battle of
Chattanooga
Union under Grant and W. T.
Sherman, defeat Confederates
under Bragg.
May 1864—Grant
appointed overall
Commander of
Union Armies—
moves to eastern
theater.
Sherman assumes
command of Union
forces in west.
Spring 1864—Grant attacks Lee
in Virginia—constant pressure
Wilderness, Spotsylvania, Cold
Harbor and Petersburg
Major losses both sides—hurts
Lee a lot more.
Seige of Petersburg—summer
1864-February 1865.
Battle of the Crater
In the west. . .
August 1864, Sherman
moves south into Georgia
Takes Atlanta
1 Sep 1864
November
1864—Sherman
burns Atlanta—
moves southeast.
Sherman and Grant begin a
policy of General War
Sherman: scorched earth—300
miles by 60 miles to Savannah
Dec. 1864—Sherman captures
Savannah then turns north to
link-up with Grant.
Continues scorched earth
tactics in South Carolina
to punish the first state to
secede.
Stops scorched earth when
enters North Carolina—the last
state to secede.
April 1865—Lee tries one last
attack on Grant. Battle of Five
Corners is the last major battle
of war.
Grant defeats Lee and captures
Richmond.
April 9, 1865—Lee surrenders to
Grant at Appomattox Court House
Grant paroles Lee’s troops—3
day’s rations/horses/sidearms
Remainder of southern troops
surrendered over next month.
Jefferson Davis
captured on 10 May
in Georgia.
Total casualties:
Union: 646,392 (359,528 dead)
Confed. (133,821 dead)
Prison camps terrible
Andersonville Prison in GA—worst
Commander,
Captain Henry Wirz
hanged November 10, 1865
April 14, 1865—
Lincoln assassinated
by John Wilkes Booth,
an actor, at Ford’s
Theater in Washington
First of four presidents
to be assassinated
End 1865—Thirteenth Amendment
ratified—ended slavery in U. S.
An interesting comparison
The Civil War was the first
modern war
Use of telegraph
Machinegun
Rifles & soft lead bullets
Observation balloons
Photography on battlefields
Iron ships and submarines
Certain types of artillery