Transcript The Civil War

The Civil War
1861-1865
I. Technology and Strategy
A. Guns-became more accurate and soldiers could attack
enemy from several hundred yards away. This
made strategy on the battlefield more important.
1860’s model Enfield musket rifle
widely used during the war.
Civil War Bullet with cap base and
distinct shape
I. Technology and Strategy
B. Warships-most were steam powered.
Ironclads-wooden ships with iron plate armor.
Monitor vs. Merrimac-two ironclads battles off the coast
of Virginia. The ships were so effective that the
days of
wooden
ships were
doomed.
I. Technology and Strategy
C. Union Strategy-Cut off the South-the
“Anaconda Plan”-Winfield Scott’s plan
I. Technology and Strategy
“The Anaconda Plan”
1. Blockade Southern ports-the North used its superior
navy to cut off trade with Europe. Small blockade
runners got through but they were unable to make up
for lost trade.
2. Control Mississippi-Ulysses S. Grant
captured Forts Henry and Donelson
on the Tennessee River.
David Farragut captured New Orleans
on April 25, 1862. Grant also won at
Shiloh on April 6, 1862.
I. Technology and Strategy
“The Anaconda Plan”
3. Capture Richmond-George McClellan's
Peninsula Campaign failed as Lee won
several battles including the 2nd Battle of
Bull Run.
-His failures led to Lincoln searching for a
new commander. McClellan would
eventually run against Lincoln in the 1864
election.
I. Technology and Strategy
D. Confederate Strategy-Fight a defensive war until the
North gave up. Preserve their way of life.
II. Major Battles
The Bloody Lane
A. Antietam-September 17, 1862-South invaded Maryland
A section of the Antietam Battlefield littered
hoping a major victory would bring support
with dead Confederate soldiers
from Great Britain and France.
In one day, almost 23,000 men were killed or wounded.
The bloodiest one day in American history.
II. Major Battles
B. Fredericksburg (Dec. 1862) and Chancellorsville
(May 1863)-Both Southern victories as Lee and his
troops held off Union troops trying to capture
Richmond.
Robert E. Lee
meets with
Stonewall
Jackson before
the Battle of
Chancellorsville.
This was their last
meeting. Jackson
was killed the
night after the
battle.
II. Major Battles
C. Vicksburg-July 1863-Ulysses S. Grant bombarded this
city on the Mississippi River for 6 weeks. His victory
secured control of the river.
II. Major Battles
D. Gettysburg-July 1-3, 1863-*Turning Point of the War*
Lee took 75,000 men into the North to capture
Harrisburg and threaten Washington D.C.
The two armies met by accident in eastern Pennsylvania.
Results: 23,000 Union troops dead or wounded.
25,000 Confederates.
Great defeat for Lee. Demoralized the South.
The Battle of Gettysburg
In the days leading up to the
battle, General Lee had not
heard from his cavalry
commander J.E.B. Stuart for
almost 2 weeks. He
decided to stop moving
near the town of
Gettysburg. The goal had
been to take the town of
Harrisburg, PA to threaten
Philadelphia, Washington,
& Boston.
JEB Stuart
The Battle of Gettysburg-July 1, 1863
Confederate troops under the command of General Henry
Heth moved into the small town of Gettysburg to
acquire shoes from the towns shoe factory. They did not
know that John Buford’s Union cavalry had already
occupied the town.
Cavalry General
John Buford at
Gettysburg
The Battle of Gettysburg-July 1, 1863
As the two groups began to fight, reinforcements poured
in fromView
bothfrom
sides.the
The
Unionposition
soldiers were
driven from
Union
at the
the town but settledend
in on
high
ofthe
Day
1 ground outside of
town. There was a collection of ridges and hills that
provided an excellent defensive position: Cemetery Hill,
Culp’s Hill, Little and Big Round Top, etc.
The Battle of Gettysburg-July 1, 1863
Confederate Genaeral James Longstreet the “Old War Horse”
pleaded with General Lee to leave Gettysburg and go South
toward Washington to draw Federal troops to more desirable
land. Lee planned an attack instead. The attack commenced the
next morning. During the night, Union troops fortified their
positions
James Longstreet
conferring with
Robert E. Lee
The Battle of Gettysburg-July 2, 1863
Lee’s plan called for
coordinated attacks on
both sides of the Union
lines. The plan was
sound, but his men were
moving uphill at fortified
positions.
The Battle of Gettysburg-July 2, 1863
Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain becomes a hero, winning
the Congressional Medal of Honor for his actions on
Little Round Top defending the Union flank with a
downhill bayonet charge.
Chamberlain’s
Charge
The Battle of Gettysburg-July 3, 1863
After the failure of the attacks on the second day of battle,
Longstreet again begged Lee to move South towards
Washington, but Lee planned an all out frontal assault
on the Union lines.
The attack would begin with a concentrated artillery
attack on the center of the federal lines in the morning
and then a full frontal assault by General George Pickett
and his men.
The Battle of Gettysburg-July 3, 1863
George Pickett of Virginia was chosen to lead the attack.
Forever known as “Pickett’s Charge” the men were
slaughtered. His division of 15,000 men was basically
completely destroyed.
Lewis Armistead and George Pickett
The Battle of Gettysburg-July 3, 1863
The charge was almost a success, but when the
Confederates reached the wall atop Cemetery Ridge,
they were overwhelmed.
The Battle of Gettysburg-Aftermath
General Lee was demoralized. He claimed to his men,
“It’s all my fault.” He had lost faith in his army and
would never again threaten the North.
III. Political Issues
A. Emancipation Proclamation-Sept. 22, 1862
Freed all slaves in areas still in rebellion. Actually freed
no slaves.
Results: -Gave union a morale crusade
-Convinced Britain and France to withhold
support from the Confederacy.
-Encouraged blacks to enlist in Northern
armies.
54th Massachusetts-most famous black regiment.
III. Political Issues
B. Republicans Divide
Radicals insisted on abolition instantly. Lincoln ignored
many laws passed while they controlled Congress.
C. Draft Begins
Difficult life caused many soldiers to desert. Union lost
1/11 men while the Confederacy lost 1/8 men. In the
North, anyone could pay $300 and avoid the draft.
New York City was the site of the largest draft riot in
American history.
D. Election of 1864-Even though there was much
opposition to him and the war, Lincoln won because of
several major victories.
VI. Economic and Social Issues
A. South-Food shortages and physical destruction took a
large toll.
B. North-passed the first income tax to help pay for the
war. Also printed money, causing inflation.
1862-Homestead Act-gave 160 acres to any citizen who
would agree to cultivate it.
C. Women in the War-Women found
work in factories and in government
offices. Dorothea Dix and Clara Barton
became known as leaders of Civil War nurses.
VI. Economic and Social Issues
D. Prisons-Soldiers who were captured faced horrible
conditions. Many died from dysentery and
malnutrition. 12,000 men died at Andersonville.
E. Gettysburg Address-Lincoln delivered his powerful 2
minute speech at the dedication of the battlefield's
cemetery.
VII. Total War and Victory
A. Ulysses S. Grant-takes command in
1864 and plans a "total war" on the
South. The objective was to destroy the
hopes of all Southerners. Lincoln has
finally found his commander.
VII. Total War and Victory
B. Philip Sheridan-Grant ordered him to
lay waste to the fertile Shenandoah
Valley the South used for food.
C. William T. Sherman-Saying "War is
Hell,” he led 60,000 troops through
Georgia, capturing & burning Atlanta. He then
marched to the sea, destroying everything in a 60
mile wide path.
VII. Total War and Victory
D. Surrender-April 9, 1865
One week after Richmond was captured, Lee
surrendered at Appomattox Courthouse.
VII. Total War and Victory
E. Results:-Over 600,000 soldiers killed
-Billions of dollars in physical damage
-Union was saved and strengthened
VII. Total War and Victory
F. Assassination-Lincoln shot by John Wilkes Booth
on April 14, 1865.
John Wilkes Booth
The assassination was part of a bigger plot to kill Lincoln, Secretary of State
William Seward, and VP Andrew Johnson
VII. Total War and Victory
Results of the
Assassination:
-Booth is killed and his
co-conspirators are hanged.
-Andrew Johnson becomes President.
-The Radical Republicans gain strength in
Congress, the South will not be treated well.
-The nation is stunned.