Transcript American CIVIL WAR

American CIVIL WAR
The Battle for the
Blue & the Gray
1861-1865
(The War between the States)
More lives lost in Civil War than in World War I, World
War II, Korea and Vietnam!
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North
South
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Background Information
1st Modern War in America
Reasons:
• Armies were organized and trained for battle.
• Strategies / tactics used to defeat each other.
• Artillery / Weaponry improves during the war.
Submarine, Rifle, Gattling Gun, etc..,..
• Communities/Towns/States organized
regiments to fight for the cause.
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Long Range causes
• Money - Industrial North vs Agricultural South
• States Rights - South felt that they had certain rights
to run their state government w/o interference
• Expansion - South wants to push slavery into West.
• Lifestyle – Northerners = City life / Southerners
Plantation lifestyle
• Secession - Southerners felt that they should leave
Union to get what they want!
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Immediate Causes of the War: SLAVERY!
Talmadge Amendment (1819) – Congressional attempt to
prohibit any more slaves in Missouri.
•
Defeated by US Senate.
•
11 free state /11 slave
Wilmot Proviso (1846)
•
Congressional Proposal twice passed through the House but was
defeated in Senate.
–
–
•
North (anti slavery) control House
South (fire eaters) balance equal in Senate!
Polk never took sides in the debate and when he left office in
1849 country was divided over the issue of slavery!
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Draw line across country. All
states north of line are free,
south of line are Slave.
Congress admits MS as a slave
SLAVE state, and MAINE as a
free state.
This establishes a precedent.
Admit 1 free for 1 slave state.
Missouri Compromise of 1820
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• 1848:Mexican War USA
gets territory of Texas.
• Jan. 24, 1848 – Gold
discovered at Sutter’s Mill
• 1849: California petitions
for statehood.
• Congress now has to
determine again if each will
come in as Free or Slave.
• California straddles the
line!
Growth & Expansion
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Debate Over California
1. 15 Slave and 15 Free States exist!
2. President: Zachary Taylor (had already warned
Southerners he would hunt them down and kill them as deserters if
they try to leave Union)
3. If CA is admitted, there are no Slave states
to balance up the sides!
4. Unhappy trio – Clay, Calhoun & Webster
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
One more time on the floor of the Senate.
Debate the merits of the Compromise.
Clay – 73 years old, tired and feeble.
Calhoun – 68, dieing of TB, can’t speak
Webster – 68, liver ailment, last speech
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Positions of Each man
• Henry Clay – North & South should both make concessions.
(Motion supported by Stephen Douglas)
• John C. Calhoun – Leave slavery alone, return runaway
slaves, and restore political balance. (Secretly had a
proposal to elect two Presidents (1 southern/1northern)
• Daniel Webster - Urged support of Clay’s Plan. He claimed
Mexican territories were not the issue. (God had made the
land unsuitable for plantation economy) People should
support compromise, concessions and reasonableness!
– Called 7th of March Speech – 100, 000 copies printed in 1850
alone!
• William Seward – Said that there was a “higher law” than that
of the Constitution. Probably cost him election of 1860!
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Compromise of 1850
• Plan to bring CA in as a state, balance the
number of Free/Slave states and provide stiff
punishment for escaped slaves in AMERICA.
• Henry Clay of Kentucky: Four Parts
1.) Admit CA=Free state
2.) Create UTAH & New Mexico territory
3.) End slave sales (not slavery) in District of
Columbia
4.) Congress passes Federal Fugitive Slave
Law (More strict than 1793 Law)
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Backlash over the Compromise
1. Congressional balance permanently tipped
to North.
2. NM/UT would be free as well. (too many
FREE SOILERS there!
3. Fugitive Slave Law was viewed by
Abolitionists as too harsh.
1. No testimony at trial/hearing.
2. Instant return to Slavery.
4. Sets up 1850’s as decade of Violence!
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Harriet
Beecher
Stowe
1811 - 1896
So this is the lady who
started the Civil War.
-- Abraham Lincoln
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
1852
 Sold 300,000 copies in
the first year.
 2 million in a decade!
Kansas/Nebraska Act 1854
•
Proposed by Stephen
Douglas.
–
–
Why?
Answer: It would put
Transcontinental RR through
his state (IL) $$$$
Provisions:
1. KS & NEB want to enter
union!
2. KS is north of 36’30 line for
slavery.
3. Nebraska would be a free
state!
4. Stephen Douglas calls for
Kansas to be a SLAVE
STATE!
•
Creates Chaos!
Helps to create the Republican
Party!
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Kansas is a battleground!
• Populated by 1,000’s of “Free Soilers”
– Purpose is to move to KS and make sure it
comes in as a FREE STATE!
• May 21, 1856 -Tension comes to a boiling
point! Violence sweeps across state.
– Newspaper offices, homes & businesses are
looted!
• John Brown-an anti slavery crusader
decides to handle things “his own self”
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Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854
“Bleeding Kansas”
Border “Ruffians”
(pro-slavery
Missourians)
John Brown: Madman, Hero or Martyr?
Raid at Pottawatomie May 21, 1856
• John Brown raided a pro
slavery settlement near
river.
• He and his men dragged
five men from their beds
and executed them with
swords/knives in front of
their families!
• Brown and others
believed it was God’s
work to stop the spread
of slavery!
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Beating of Charles Sumner
(May 22, 1856)
AKA “Bleeding Sumner”
A New
England
Senator
who had publicly
criticized
•IF• THIS
CAN
HAPPEN
IN WASHINGTON,
DC…THE
Senator
Butler
of SC
the “Crime against
SOUTH
IS A Andrew
DANGER
TO ALL
OFfor
US!
Kansas”.
•NORTHERN
PAPERS
AS AN
ATTACK
• His speech
implied DENOUNCED
that Butler sleptITwith
slavery
as if
ON THE
PRINCIPALS
OF
DECENCY!
she were
a “Whore”
without
a name.
• Butler’s nephew
Preston
Brooks
decided
to defend his
•SOUTHERNERS
SENT
POST
CARDS
TO THE
uncles honor on the floor of the Senate chamber.
SENATE THAT SAID “HIT HIM AGAIN”
• Brooks beats Sumner with a cane in front of 30 other
•BUTLER
RESIGNED
HIS
THEdoSENATE
people,
mostly from
theSEAT
SouthINwho
nothing ONLY
to stop
it! UNANIMOUSLY REELECTED BY THE PEOPLE
TO BE
OF• SOUTH
CAROLINA!
Northerners
are frightened by this incident!
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“The Crime Against Kansas”
Sen. Charles Sumner
(R-MA)
Preston Brooks
(D-SC)
Election of 1856
• James Buchanan wins election over John C.
Fremont.
• Popular Vote: 1,832,955 to 1,339,932
• Electoral College 174 to 114.
• First real election for the Republican Party.
• Smear Campaign:
– Buchanan was a bachelor! Fiancee had died after
a lover’s quarrel.
– Fremont – He was illegitimate. Mother was a
southerner.
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Dred Scott Case 1857
President Buchanan
pushesArgument:
Supreme Court to make clearer
Scott’s
•ruling.
Supreme Court Case
definition
of
•Citizenship is not defined by race in Constitution
• A slave (Dred Scott)
6, 1857
•He lives in a FREEMarch
STATE,
therefore
is FREE!
had beenhebrought
to
a free state by his
February
15,owner.
1857
• Citizenship
is defined
by race!
• not
Owner
Scott
“Dred Scott
is still
a slave,
appeal
denied”
•Slaves
are Property
people!died,
went to court to
1857
prove
he was now a
•SlavesMarch
can be taken
anywhere!
free man.
James
Buchanan
becomes
President
RULING
CREATES CHAOS
IN AMERICA!
• Case
went to
Supreme Court.
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Stephen Douglas & the
Freeport Doctrine
•The Freeport Doctrine was articulated by Stephen A. Douglas at the
Popular
second of the Lincoln-Douglas debates on August 27,
1858, in Freeport,
Illinois.
Sovereignty?
•Lincoln tried to force Douglas to choose between the principle of popular
sovereignty proposed by the Kansas-Nebraska Act and the United States
Supreme Court case of Dred Scott v. Sandford.
•Instead of making a direct choice, Douglas's response stated that despite the
court's ruling, slavery could be prevented from any territory by the refusal of
the people living in that territory to pass laws favorable to slavery.
LeCompton Constitution 1857
• Kansas vote for statehood.
• Free Soilers dominate population.
• Citizens can only vote for constitution
with slavery or without, no other
choice presented!
– Provision Included that if slavery
was abolished in KS, people who
owned slaves prior to 1857, would
be allowed to keep them! (A
Grandfather clause)
• State Constitution passed with
Slavery in 1857!
• IMPACT: POPULAR SOVERIEGNTY
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Lincoln vs Douglas
• Both had competed with the
other for years.
• Both are from Springfield, IL.
• Both served in State Legislature
as well as H of R
• Both competed for affections of
Mary Todd. (She chose Abe!)
• Both ran for Senate seat from
Illinois in 1858.
(Senators were chosen by State
Legislatures until 1913)
• Lincoln felt like he was awkward,
homely and somewhat out of
place in the debates!
• Douglas viewed the debates as a
stepping stone to the
Presidency!
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Lincoln-Douglas Debates
• 1858- Seven debates took
place between Douglas and
Lincoln over Slavery.
• Related to Senate race for
Illinois. 1857-58
• Both supported idea of inferior
position for blacks!
• Lincoln loses election!
• Positive Effects:
– Lincoln becomes well known
national figure!
– Douglass is exposed for being
“two faced”. Democrats did not
want him to represent the party!
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“A house divided”
A house divided against itself cannot stand." I believe
this government cannot endure permanently half slave
and half free. I do not expect the Union to be
dissolved—I do not expect the house to fall—but I do
expect it will cease to be divided. It will become all one
thing, or all the other. Either the opponents of slavery
will arrest the further spread of it, and place it where
the public mind shall rest in the belief that it is in the
course of ultimate extinction; or its advocates will push
it forward, till it shall become alike lawful in all the
States, old as well as new—North as well as South.
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Raid at Harper’s Ferry
• John Brown & 18 men
raid Federal Arsenal
there!
• October 1859- Brown is
caught by Robert E. Lee!
• Yes that Robert E. Lee!!!
• Tried and convicted of
treason against Virginia!
• Executed by hanging!
• Becomes a martyr for
North, & symbol of all
that’s bad for the South!
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John Brown’s Raid
on Harper’s Ferry, 1859
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ELECTION OF 1860
Lincoln: The Choice for President!
Reasons for support:
1. Free Soilers: non-extension of slavery
2. Manufacturers: A Protective Tariff
3. Immigrants: No abridgement of rights
4. Northwest: A Pacific Railroad
5. West: Internal Improvements at
Federal Expense!
6. Farmers: Free Homesteads (Land)
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√ Abraham Lincoln
Republican
Stephen A. Douglas
Northern Democrat
1860
Presidential
Election
John Bell
Constitutional Union
John C. Breckinridge
Southern Democrat
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1860 Election: A Nation Coming Apart?!
1860
Election
Results
ELECTION OF 1860
Popular
Results:Douglas
Abe Lincoln
vs Vote
Stephen
• South says that if Lincoln is elected,
LINCOLN 40%
they will leave the Union!
DOUGLAS
29%
• November
1860-Lincoln
wins
Presidency with not one single vote
BRECKENRIDGE
18%
from the South!
• February 1861=BELL
Confederate
States of
13%
America formed!
LINCOLN
GETS
180
of
303
EC
Votes!
• The Civil
War
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WAR is On!
Crittenden Compromise:
A Last Ditch Appeal to Sanity
• An unsuccessful proposal by
Kentucky Senator John J.
Crittenden to resolve the U.S.
secession crisis of 1860–1861 by
addressing the concerns of the
Lower South .
• It proposed reestablishment of
the ’36 30° line!
• Both the House of
Representatives and the Senate
rejected it in 1861.
• Could not be repealed or
amended if adopted!
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Secession!:
SC Dec. 20, 1860
Confederate States of America
• Nov. 1860 – Mar. 1861
– LAME DUCK BUCHANAN
failed to stop Secession!
– AL, MS, TX, GA, FL, LA
• Created in February, 1861.
• Jefferson Davis is chosen as
President and elected to a 6 year
Term!
• Went about the business of
forming Confederate Treasury,
War, Commerce Departments.
• Varina Hopewell Davis -1st Lady
of the Confederacy.
– Father: Zachary Taylor (12th
President)
– Varina – named for her!
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Lincoln forced to act!
April 12th-14th
Constant Bombardment
dooms the Fort!
• March 1861-Inauguration
• April 6, 1861, Lincoln tells
Governor of SC that he is
re-supplying the Fort!
• Union troops held the fort
which is off the coast of
South Carolina.
• April 10, 1861Confederate President,
Jefferson Davis orders
General P.T. Beauregard
toWAR
attack the FORT!
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April 12, 1861-Fort Attacked!
• 24 hours later, without weapons and supplies
to fight, Union surrenders the Fort to
Confederates!
• Lincoln saw this as open rebellion against the
Union…calls for volunteers for Army! (Army of
the Potomac)
• South sees that as a personal attack …VA,
NC, TN and AK all secede as a result!
• The South is now in for a Bloody Battle it won’t
forget!
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Fort Sumter: April 12, 1861
Differences in War..
NORTH
SOUTH
• TEND TO UNDERESTIMATE THE RESOLVE
OF SOUTHERN TROOPS!
• USUALLY NAME
BATTLES AFTER
PHYSICAL FEATURES OF
AREA NEAR SITE!
• BATTLE OF BULL RUN,
BATTLE OF
WILDERNESS,
• TEND TO OVER
EXAGGERATE THE
ROLE THAT THEY PLAY
IN BATTLES.
• USUALLY NAME THE
BATTLE AFTER A NEAR
BY CITY OR TOWN!
• BOTH SIDES EXPECT
QUICK WIN!
NEITHER SIDE WAS PREPARED FOR HAND TO HAND COMBAT
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Technology
• Size - Both sides were used to Large scale Battles
involving 1,000’s of men on one Battlefield!
• Training -Neither Army was well armed or Trained!
• ARTILLERY and weaponry all had improved!
• Improvements - Cannons shoot farther, guns are more
accurate, bullets now fly faster and straighter!
• Accuracy - Artillery shells are used to “bombard”
enemy lines with grenade like efficiency!
• Time -Jefferson Davis knew that if the South had to
fight a large scale war, they would lose!
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A Nation divided by War
North
South
• Mostly Industrial, cities are
• Mostly Agricultural. They
well developed.
manufactured nothing of
Value.
• Don’t need Slavery to
survive!
• Everything had to be
imported (tools, supplies)
• Immigration provided
plenty of labor for steel
• 1860-Cotton represented
mills, factories and
57% of all US exports!
railroads
• Cotton was King! Needed
• West allied itself with North
labor force to harvest!
because it needed
• Slavery was lifeblood of
protection North provided!
South!
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Anaconda Plan
• Union Army was better supplied because of the
Vast amount of Industrial Resources available in
the North.
• The North planned to strangle the South’s
economy and effectively squeeze the life out of
them and force them to quit.
• They will block Southern ports and intercept all
trains in and out of the South!
• Eventually the Union Army will snake up the Miss.
River and cut the South in two!
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Overview
of
Civil War
Strategy:
“Anaconda”
Plan
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•Confederates built Forts along major rivers in South.
•Union Army created a “floating fort” called the gunboat, an iron
clad warship that could navigate shallow waters and destroy
Confederate strongholds easily!
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Battles of the Civil War
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Battle of Bull Run July 1861
(Manassas, VA)
• 30,000 Union troops
easily defeated by
Confederates.
• Spectators showed up
with picnic supplies to
watch the Battle.
• During Union retreat,
picnic baskets and
people were overrun by
Union Forces!
• 1st battle takes place in
backyard of Wilmer
McLean
General Thomas
“Stonewall” Jackson
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Battle of Bull Run (1st Manassas),
July, 1861
1862-Year of disaster for Lincoln
• Shiloh-April6-7 23, 746 casualties
• Seven Days-July 1862- 100,000 Union
troops defeated by 50, 000 Confederates.
• Antietam-Sept 1862- 23, 100 casualties.
• Fredericksburg-Dec 1862- 18, 000
casualties.
Lincoln would like to forget that this year ever
existed!
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War in the East: 1861-1862
Battle of Shiloh (1862)
Fought near Shiloh Church in Tennessee.
Bloodiest Battle of Civil War up until 1862.
13,000 Union Deaths. 10,000 Confederate.
40,000 Confederate troops launched a sneak attack on
45,000 Union troops.
US Grant was Union commander. Looked like he would be
defeated on the first day of the Battle!
US Grant reorganized on the 2nd day and won! But at a
huge cost!
People of America take notice of casualties involved in this
type of Battle.
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Peninsula Campaign (1862)
• McClellan will float about 90,000 Union
troops down the Potomac into the
Chesapeake Bay.
– Plan was for the Union to attack Richmond, VA
by way of the Sea.
– They would come ashore near Jamestown, VA
and work their way Westward towards
Richmond.
– McClellan is far too methodical to carry out this
campaign.
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Confederates are outnumbered
was able toCommander
use McClellan’s
•• He
Confederate
on the
cautious
him!is
Easternnature
shoreagainst
of Virginia
supposed
to defend
it from all
• He
built 1,000’s
of campfires
invasion.
along
the area where the Union had
ashore,gets
making
them
think
•come
McClellan
tricked
into
there
were 50,000
plus
Confederate
believing
that the
Confederates
soldiers.
have about 50,000 soldiers
stationed
shore.and logs
• He
stackedalong
large the
boulders
to make
appear
were
•together
Truth was
they itonly
had they
10,000
cannons!
soldiers there!
marched
the same
unit in
•• They
Joseph
Johnston,
Confederate
front
of McClellan
over
and over
Commander
was
a former
stage
again.
and theatre actor.
••McClellan
He planned
to make
McClellan
counted
20,000
men!
think there were more soldiers
•Johnston had actually just marched
on the
peninsula!
2,000
men
across
the
20thetimes!
McClellan delayed an attack on the Confederates because
he wanted
to make
surefield
he had
advantage.
His cautious nature allows Lee to come down out of Northern VA and defend Richmond!
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Battle of Seven Days
June 25-July 1, 1862
Battle to gain control of Richmond,
VA.
Union commander McClellan has
100,000 troops.
Confederate commander RE Lee
has 50,000.
Lee won through skillful
maneuvering.
Union troops tried to invade Virginia using Ironclad warships along the Potomac River.
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McClellan
RE Lee
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Battle of Antietam Sept. 1862
Fought near Sharpsburg, MD
Bloodiest Single day Battle of Civil War.
6,000 deaths. 17,000 wounded.
RE Lee wanted to bring the fight to the North, instead of
battling in the South all the time.
Confederates were closest to defeating the North on this day!
Confederates believed if they could show Great Britain they
could stand on theirAPUSH/CIVIL
own, they
could get assistance!
WAR
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Battle of Fredericksburg
December 1862
• Union troops camped across
Rappahannock River at
Chatham.
• Commanded by General
Ambrose Burnside.
• They Bombarded town during
Winter of 1862. Destroyed
town, streets, bridge, etc.,..
• Union troops launched 8,000
shells on city.
• Union troops tried to build a
pontoon bridge across river.
• Confederates shelled them.
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•Union Troops had to cross the
Rappahannock under heavy fire
from Confederate soldiers.
•Pontoon Bridges which were
supposed to arrive on Dec 1st did
not show up until Dec 13th!
•The union made the mistake of
attacking the Confederates superior
position!
•Utter disaster for the Union!
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Union troops needed to cross the
river to get into Fredericksburg,
they were forced to build pontoon
bridges while under heavy artillery
fire from Confederate forces!
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Marye’s Heights
• Union troops pushed forward to Marye’s Heights (off
Lafayette Blvd.) Confederates are on top of hill!
• Confederate troops hold a superior position at the top
of Marye’s Heights..
• This is also called the Battle of Sunken Road.
• 30,000 union troops attacked the hill, 8,000 died, none
made it to the top!
• Union casualties were high, chaos ensued during the
Battle. Some confederates thought Union troops were
Confederate
waited atop of the hill and ambushed Union soldiers as they tried to assault
theirtroops
comrades!
the hill!
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Angel of Marye’s Heights
• Richard Kirkland - part of
the South Carolina regiment.
– Gave aid and water to both
Union and Confederate
soldiers.
– Monument built to his efforts
exists near Sunken Road at the
Battle of Fredericksburg site.
– He risked injury and death to
save hundreds of men at the
battle.
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Prisoners of War
• At first both sides
exchanged prisoners.
• Once Grant realized that
the South could not
replenish their numbers,
he stopped exchanges.
• South then mistreated
thousands of prisoners
in prison camps like
Andersonville, GA.
Most prisoners died from exposure, starvation
• 30,000 men imprisoned
and disease.
their- 17,300 died!
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Emancipation Proclamation
• September 1862 - Lincoln
says that as of Jan 1, 1863”all enslaved persons in
areas that are in open
rebellion against the Union,
were [therefore] and forever
free”
• Is actually an Economic
attack against the South!
• Stop the South’s economy
and you win the war!
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Battle of Vicksburg 1863
• US Grant wants to capture city of
Vicksburg to control Mississippi
River.
• 2nd Largest city in Mississippi.
• Grant decided to bomb them into
submission.
• Union troops launched 2,800
bombs a day!
• 47 straight days!
Almost 36,000 casualties • July 4, 1863-Confederates
Part of the Anaconda Plan
surrender!
Tunnels dug all over town!
Goal: To split the Confederacy!
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The War in
the West,
1863:
Vicksburg
Vicksburg (town of tunnels)
• For $20, you could get a decent
tunnel dug for protection.
• For $50, you could get several
rooms dug out with timbers for
support.
• Grant eventually attacked the
southern portion of the city and
worked his way North towards
Vicksburg.
• Once inside, they found a
virtual honeycomb of tunnels
underneath the town!
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The Road to Gettysburg: 1863
Battle of Gettysburg July 1863
• Confederate attempt to cut
For Confederates:
off Washington, DC from
the Union Army.
All battles after 1863
• 28,000 total casualties
are Defensive.
• Site of Pickett’s Charge.
• Confederate troops most
For Union: All Battles
daring feat at Gettysburg.
prior to 1863 are
• 15,000 Troops charged up
Defensive.
Cemetery Ridge and
fought a vicious hand to
Pickett’s Charge effectively ended the Battle of
hand battle which they
Gettysburg
lost!
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Gettysburg Casualties
Emancipation in 1863
Gettysburg Address
• Five months after the
deadliest Battle between
North and South, Lincoln
delivers speech at battle
site.
• Dedicates Soldiers
National Cemetery.
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54th Massachusetts Regiment
• Under command of Robert
Gould Shaw.
• Organized in March 1863.
• One of the first organized Black
Units in the northern states.
• Participated on the assault on
Fort Wagner in Hilton Head, SC
in June of 1863.
• Probably the most famous all
black infantry regiment to ever
fight!
• Sgt. William Carney – CMH
winner
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The H.L. Hunley
Secret Weapon of the South!
• South wanted to build a
submarine to attack union
gunboats and Atlantic Coast
port cities.
• Designed a primitive
underwater submarine to
sink Union ships.
• Designed and built near
First two attempts to launch were disasters!
Mobile, Alabama, it was
First crew killed when they dive with hatch
actually the third boat built to
open!
attack the North.
Second crew killed when they dive straight into • It could remain underwater for
River bottom and get stuck!
about 2 hours.
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H. L. Hunley
•36 feet long, 4,000 pounds.
•Could carry a nine man crew. Openings at each end were about 15 inches wide.
•Boat was propelled through the water by a hand-turned crankshaft
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The Mission
• February 17, 1864
• Charleston Harbor, SC.
• Confederate sub sneaks
through the dark waters and
plants a 135 pound torpedo
on the hull of the USS
Housatonic.
• The Hunley successfully
detonated their torpedo and
the Housatonic sank in about
three minutes.
• The Hunley, however, never
returned to the island where
she was launched from.
• She was found buried in the
sand 137 years later at the
mouth of Charleston Harbor.
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H.L. Hunley
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Battle for Atlanta July 1864
• Confederate Commander – Joseph Johnston replaced
by Jefferson Davis.
• New Commander James Hood engages the Union
Army several times throughout the summer.
• Each time --- massive Confederate casualties!
• Confederates were reduced from 62,000 to 45,000 in
about 7 weeks.
• Hood retreated to Atlanta, GA.
• Sherman and his forces constantly bombarded the
city just like Grant at Vicksburg and Sherman at
Petersburg.
• Hood retreated from Atlanta and pulled out!
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Sherman’s March to the Sea
Sept.-Dec 1864
“War is cruelty. There is no
use trying to reform it. The
crueler it is, the sooner it will
be over!
• William Tecumseh ShermanUnion plan to burn city of
Atlanta and then march to
Savannah, GA.
• They cut a 60 mile wide path that
destroyed plantations, railroads,
bridges, mills and anything else in
their path.
• GOAL: To make people so sick
of war that they will never want
to fight another!
• Sherman wrote to Lincoln that the
city of Savannah was a Christmas
present in Dec. 1864!
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William Tecumseh Sherman
Sherman’s
March
through
Georgia
to the
Sea, 1864
Battle of Petersburg
June 1864-April2, 1865
• A heroic defense of Fort Gregg by a
handful of Confederates prevented the
Union from entering the city that night.
• Lt. Gen. A.P. Hill was killed trying to reach
his troops in the confusion.
• After dark, Lee ordered the evacuation of
Petersburg and Richmond.
• Objective: the capture of Richmond
Achieved through: Capture of Petersburg
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The Final Virginia Campaign:1864-1865
The end of the War
• Sherman marched north to South Carolina in 1865.
– Many people felt that since they had been the 1st to
secede, they should be punished the harshest!
• Feb 1865 – ½ of the capital city of Columbia, SC was
burned!
– No one ever proved that it was Sherman but most Southerners believe
it was the Union Army’s fault!
• April 2, 1865 – only 35,000 men remain to defend
Richmond, VA.
• Lee planned to slip around the Union forces towards SC and
unite with the remaining Confederate forces.
• April 9, 1865 - US Grant and Union Army cut him off at
Appomattox, VA
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Surrender!
• Confederates were allowed to walk back to their
home states.
• They could take their horses and mules and
return to their homes.
• As long as they obeyed the laws where they
lived, they would not be punished!
• May, 1865 – Johnston surrendered to Sherman in
SC.
• May 13, 1865 – Last person killed in Civil War at
Battle of Palmito Ranch, TX. (Private John J.
Williams)
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Lincoln’s assassination by John Wilkes Booth
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Civil war ends
Confederate troops could not maintain supply lines, resources or soldiers to
continue to fight the war.
Union troops were better supplied, better trained, and continually replenished
their numbers during the war.
Casualties for the South were so high that eventually children were enlisted to
fight!
22 Union states totaled 22 million people.
11 Confederate states- 9 million people (4 million slaves)
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Casualties on Both Sides
Final Thoughts
• 850,000 Confederate soldiers-450,000 deaths
• 2.2 Million Union Soldiers-360,000 deaths.
• Casualties for the South: Economic, Social,
Political
• Total Wounded / Deaths on both sides exceed 1.1
million men.
• About 2/3 of the Union casualties died from
dysentery, typhoid, measles and malaria.
• Cost in Human life exceeded WWI, WWII, Korea
and Vietnam for US citizens.
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Civil War Casualties
in Comparison to Other Wars
Lincoln Kennedy Parallels
Abraham Lincoln was elected to Congress in 1846.
John F. Kennedy was elected to Congress in 1946.
Abraham Lincoln was elected President in 1860.
John F. Kennedy was elected President in 1960.
•John
Wilkes
Booth,
who assassinated
wasfriends
born inin1839.
•A•Lincoln
week
before
Lincoln
shot,
heLincoln,
was with
Monroe, Maryland.
was shot
in thewas
Ford
Theater.
•Lee
Harvey
Oswald,
who
assassinated
Kennedy,
was
born
in Marilyn
1939.contain
A••Kennedy
week
before
Kennedy
was
shot,
he
was
with
his
friend
Monroe.
The
names
Lincoln
and
Kennedy
each
seven
letters.
was
shot
in
a
car
made
by
the
Ford
Motor
Company
(a
Lincoln
no
less)
•Both
assassins
were known
by their
three names.
•Lincoln's
last
child,
Tad,
had
his
funeral
held on July 16,
1871.
••Lincoln's
Bothsecretary
were particularly
concerned
with
civil rights.
was
named
Kennedy.
•Both
names
comprise
fifteen
letters.
•Later
he wasof
exhumed
andnamed
moved
to their
a different
grave site.while living in the White
•
Both
their
wives
lost
children
•Kennedy's
secretary
was
Lincoln.
•Booth ran from the theater and was caught in a warehouse.
•Kennedy's
son JFK Jr. was lost at sea on July 16, 1999.
House.
•Both
were
assassinated
by Southerners.
•Oswald ran from
a warehouse
and was caught in a theater.
•Later
he
was
found,
brought
up, andshot
then re-burried
at sea.
•
Both
Presidents
were
on
a
Friday.
•Both
were
succeeded
by
Southerners.
•Both assassins were assassinated before their trials.
••Both
Both
werewere
shot
the
head.
•The
only
complete
filming
ofin
Kennedy's
assasination was shot by Abraham Zapruder.
successors
named
Johnson.
••Andrew
Both
wereaccount
shot
one
bullet.
•The
only complete
ofwith
Lincoln's
assasination
was written
by John Zelfindorfer.
Johnson,
who
succeeded
Lincoln,
was born
in 1808.
••Lyndon
BothJohnson,
werewho
rumored
toKennedy,
be killed
in ainconspiracy.
succeeded
was
born
1908.
Neither was confirmed to be a conspiracy.
•Their first names both contain six letters.
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