Transcript the civil war - Net Start Class

THE
CIVIL WAR
CAUSES
In 1861, Texas joined 10 other
Southern states that withdrew from
the United States to form the
Confederate States of America.
This action followed years of longstanding differences between the
North and the South. The two
sections disagreed on many
issues.
Cause #1
North
South
Sectionalism
Prior to the Civil War, the United States
was not really united.
North
South
Our country was more like two separate
countries sharing the same land.
The North had industry, large cities, a
diverse population, and favored the
politics of the Republican party which
supported the abolition of slavery.
The South had an economy based on
agriculture, a plantation lifestyle, the
views of the Democratic party, and
the institution of slavery.
Southerners were especially loyal to
their section. They thought of
themselves...
•as citizens of their own
state first,
•as Southerners second,
•and as U.S. citizens third.
NOTES
ISSUE: Sectionalism is the loyalty to your
state or section first, the nation second.
North & South are like two separate countries.
NORTH: industrial, urban, Republican,
anti-slavery
SOUTH: plantations, rural, democratic,
pro-slavery
Cause #2
Slavery
Slavery
Slavery was a cause of the Civil War
for two reasons.
#1. The South
However, many
viewed slavery
people in the
as a necessity to
North viewed
maintaining
slavery as evil and
economic wealth.
unconstitutional.
#2. Slavery was not just a moral
issue but a political issue as well.
If there were more
slave states in the
U.S., then the
South would have
more power in
Congress.
If there were
more free states
in the U.S., then
the North would
have more power
in Congress.
Both Northerners and Southerners
fought fiercely over the moral and
political issue of slavery.
If the U.S. had been founded without
slavery, then the following causes of the
Civil War may have never been issues.
NOTES
ISSUE: Slavery was an economic, moral,
and political issue. Important to keep the
balance of power in Congress.
NORTH: * Many believed that slavery was evil.
* Did not want more slave states.
SOUTH: * Believed that slavery necessary for
economy. *Did not want more
free states.
Cause #3
States’
Rights
States
Rights
States’ rights is the idea that each
state had the right to determine
whether or not to follow federal laws.
United
States
Law
Southerners supported states’ rights.
They believed that they had the right
to own slaves and even secede, or
leave the Union, if they desired.
Southerners were also angry at
Congress using its power to impose
taxes on the South’s agricultural
products.
They felt that any federal tax restricted
the rights of the individual states.
Northerners did not support states’
rights. They believed the national
government had final power.
The federal government had the power
to make laws that applied to all states,
including imposing taxes.
NOTES
ISSUE: States’ Rights: Each state has the
right to determine whether or not to follow a
federal (national) law.
NORTH: Federal government should have
more power than any individual states.
(Right to tax & control slavery)
SOUTH: Wanted to do as they pleased, with
little interference from the federal
government. (taxes, slavery)
Cause #4
TARIFFS
TARIFFS = Taxes on goods
brought in from another country)
A. The South favored low tariffs
because it had few factories and
purchased many of its goods from
England.
B. The North favored high tariffs that
would make the price of foreign goods
higher than its own.
NOTES
ISSUE: Tariffs are taxes on goods brought
in from another country.
NORTH: Favored high tariffs that would make
the price of foreign goods higher than
the products they made.
SOUTH: Favored low tariffs because it
had few factories and purchased most of
its goods from England.
Cause #5
Secession
Secession
5. SECESSION
A. The South believed that states should
be able to choose whether or not to stay
in the Union. (They claimed that the
U.S. was an organization of
independent states. Since they chose to join
it, they could also choose to leave it and form
their own country.)
B. Northerners believed the United
States must remain one country to
remain strong.
NOTES
ISSUE: Secession – to withdraw, as in to
leave the Union
NORTH: Secession is unconstitutional.
The United States must remain one country
to remain strong.
SOUTH: Individual states should be able to
choose to join or leave the Union.
Let’s review the main causes of the Civil War:
1.Sectionalism
North
South
2. Slavery
3. States’ rights
4. Tariffs
5. Secession
United
States
Law
When Republican Abraham Lincoln
won the Election of 1860, Southerners
believed that their rights would no
longer be respected.
Many southerners believed it was
time to leave the Union.
After Lincoln’s
election, eleven
southern states
eventually seceded
from the Union and
formed the
Confederate States
of America.
Texas’s lawmakers
voted to secede by
a vote of 166 to 8,
and the people of
Texas voted for
secession by a
margin of more
than 3 to 1.
Abraham Lincoln and other Northerners
viewed Southern secession as an
unconstitutional act.
On April 12, 1861 Southern troops
attacked Ft. Sumter, a Union garrison off
the coast of South Carolina.
Secession
and the
Confederacy
No one was killed on either side during
this first battle of the Civil War.
It was a “bloodless opening to the
bloodiest war in American history”.
During the 1860 presidential
campaign, some Southern
leaders had threatened that if the
Republicans won the election, the
South would secede, or withdraw,
from the Union. When Abraham
Lincoln won the election,
Southern leaders carried out their
threat to secede.
“A HOUSE DIVIDED”
In December 1860 and January
1861, six states voted to withdraw from
the Union. These were South Carolina,
Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia,
and Louisiana.
Many Texans urged Governor
Houston to issue a call for a convention
to consider the secession of Texas.
Sam Houston opposed
secession. He argued that Texas
could better protect its interests by
staying in the Union. Houston did
not believe the South could win
the war. He said:
“Let me tell you what is coming.
After the sacrifice of countless millions
of treasure and hundreds of thousands
of lives you may win
Southern independence,
but I doubt it.
The North is
determined to
preserve this Union.”
Without Sam Houston’s approval,
a Texas Secession Convention met in
Austin on January 28, 1861. Delegates
called for a vote by the people on the
question of secession.
On February 23, the people of
Texas approved secession from the
Union by a vote of 46,153 to 14,747.
Texas became the seventh state to
withdraw from the Union.
During the next three
months, Virginia, Arkansas,
Tennessee, and North Carolina
also seceded.
The United States and The Confederate States
The states that withdrew from
the Union assembled at a
convention on February 8, 1861 in
Montgomery, Alabama.
This convention formed a new
nation, which was to be called the
Confederate States of America.
Jefferson Davis of Mississippi
was elected as president of the
Confederacy.
Jefferson Davis
President of the Confederacy
The convention also drew up a
constitution. It was much like the
Constitution of the United States,
but with important differences.
Under the Confederate
Constitution, the states were given
more power, and the federal
government was given less. One
section guaranteed the
protection of slavery.
The Texas Secession Convention then
ordered all state officials to take an oath of
allegiance to the Confederacy. When Governor
Houston refused to take the oath, the
convention declared the office of governor
vacant.
President Lincoln offered to send federal
troops to Texas to keep Houston in office if he
would head a government loyal to the Union.
When some Texans urged him to accept
Lincoln’s offer, Houston declined:
“Would you be willing to deluge the capital
of Texas with the blood of Texans, merely to keep
one old man in a position of power for a few days
longer, in a position that belongs to the people?
No! … Go tell my deluded friends that I am
proud of their friendship, of their love and
loyalty,…but to go to their homes and conceal
from the world that they would have been guilty
of such an act.”
Lieutenant governor Edward
Clark replaced Sam Houston as
governor.
Houston retired to his home in
Huntsville, where he lived quietly
until his death two years later in
1863.
Sam Houston
1793 - 1863
Houston’s home and grave
President Lincoln vowed he
would preserve the Union at all costs.
Early in 1861, the Confederate States
seized U.S. arsenals, forts, and navy
yards within their borders.
When, on April 12, 1861, United
States troops refused to evacuate
Fort Sumter in Charleston, South
Carolina, Confederate forces opened
fire. The Civil War had begun.
Fort Sumter
Private Edmund
Ruffin fired the
first shot of the
Civil War at
Fort Sumpter.
Texans
Go To
War
Strengths of the North
1.
2.
3.
4.
On paper, the North held every advantage going
into the war and probably should have won easily.
It had:
71% of the population (22 million in the North, 9
million in the South- 4 million of which were slaves)
Railroad lines (22,000 miles in the North,
9,000 miles in the South)
Telegraph lines (The South had none)
Factories to manufacture goods and ammunition
(110,000 in the North; 18,000 in the South)
Strengths of the North cont.
5. Money – 81% of the nation’s bank
deposits were in Northern banks.
6. Food – The North produced 70% of the
nation’s grain and 65% of the livestock.
Strengths of the South
1. Spirit and confidence of its people
(They were defending their homes, families, and
way of life.)
2. Military Leadership: Some of the best officers
resigned from the U.S. Army and led the
Confederate Army. (Examples:
Robert E. Lee; “Stonewall” Jackson; Albert
Sidney Johnson
3. Had Most of the Military Academies in the nation.
Most of these young officers fought for the South.
4. Fighting a Defensive War
5. Familiar with the Terrain
When fighting began, Confederate President
Jefferson Davis called for volunteers.
Although thousands of Texans immediately
joined the army, more soldiers were needed
by the end of the first year.
To meet this need, Congress passed the
Conscription Act. This act required all men
between the ages of 18 and 35 to serve in
the Confederate Army. Later, conscription
acts extended age limits to men between the
ages of 17 and 50. In all, 60,000 Texans
fought for the Confederacy.
A Confederate Soldier
Texas Unionists
• Not all Texans supported the Confederate cause.
• More than 2,000 Texans joined the Union Army.
About 50 of these were African-Americans.
• Many Mexican-Americans joined the Union Army to
strike back at the Anglo society they blamed for
taking away their lands.
• Many German-Americans disagreed with slavery
and the war and tried to escape conscription. The
Confederate Army killed several of these men
caught trying to escape into Mexico.
Blockade of Texas Ports
Texas was a vital link in the
Confederate chain of supplies. The Union
navy used its ships to blockade all Texas
ports to prevent goods and supplies from
leaving or entering.
Blockade cont…
The Union navy could not, however,
control the flow of cotton over land to
Mexico. Texas traders would carry cotton
into Mexico and ship it out on foreign
ships, which could not be stopped by the
Union. In Europe, the cotton would be
exchanged for manufactured goods and
war materials.
Ships known as blockade runners grew
more and more important as the Civil
War continued. These vessels slipped
through the Union blockade of Texas with
much risk, and brought much-needed
supplies to Texas.
Blockade Runner Banshee
Most Civil War battles were fought in
states east of the Mississippi River.
Texas experienced a few battles,
however. Most of these involved Union
efforts to prevent the exportation of
cotton and importation of war supplies.
The Battle at Galveston
Union leaders knew that Galveston was
weakly defended because many of its large guns
had been removed for use in other campaigns. In
October 1862, Union forces easily captured the
city.
Confederate leaders realized that the war
effort would suffer a serious blow if Galveston,
the state’s busiest seaport, remained in Union
hands.
…The Battle at Galveston
Confederate forces made immediate plans
to retake Galveston. Two river steamers from
Houston were refitted as gunboats. Cotton
bales were used as protection. These two
ships moved down Buffalo Bayou and attacked
the Union vessels in Galveston Bay.
At the same time, 500 Confederate soldiers
crossed the railroad bridge onto the island and
attacked Union soldiers. Several hundred
Union soldiers and two ships surrendered. No
further efforts were made by the Union to
retake Galveston.
The Battle at Sabine Pass
Later in 1863, Union forces made another
try at invading Texas - this time by sailing up
the Sabine River. Twenty-two transport vessels
and 4,000 soldiers planned to capture the cities
of Beaumont and Houston.
Any vessels sailing up Sabine Pass had to
travel past Fort Griffin. A company of 47
soldiers (all Irish) was stationed at the fort.
They were known as the “Davis Guards.”
…Battle at Sabine Pass
When the Union gunboats tried to sail
past Fort Griffin, the Confederates opened
fire. In a brief battle, the Guards took
about 350 Union soldiers prisoner and
captured two ships.
The Union General gave up the attempt
to land, and the Union fleet returned to
New Orleans.
All of the Davis guards were awarded
medals for their courage.
The Capture of Brownsville
This battle was initiated when Union forces
attempted to stop the overland supply chain
which carried cotton across South Texas to
be shipped from Mexican ports.
In November, 1863, a Union force took the
city of Brownsville and then moved up the
Rio Grande as far as Laredo. There they
were stopped by Colonel Santos Benevides.
Confederate troops drove the Union army
back and had recaptured Brownsville by July,
1864 – eight months later.
The very last battle of the Civil War was
fought here in Texas on May 13, 1865 at
Palmito Ranch near Brownsville.
Here, Confederate forces defeated a
Union force trying to invade the mainland from
Brazos Island. From their captured prisoners,
the Texans learned that General Lee had
surrendered a month earlier. The Texas troops
had not yet received word of the war’s end.
This small historical marker is the only
monument marking the actual spot of the
last battle of the Civil War.
In many ways Texas was much
luckier than other states in the South.
Only a few minor battles occurred on
Texas soil. No Union army swept a
path of destruction through Texas’s
farms and towns as had happened in
Georgia.
Life on the plantations with slaves
doing the work remained much the
same as before the war.
Still, wartime brought
new hardships to many
Texans, and many
sacrifices were required
from those left behind
on the home front.
ECONOMIC CHANGES
1. Farmers turned many cotton fields into corn
and wheat fields to feed soldiers and citizens.
Cotton production fell throughout the south.
2. Women took jobs usually performed by men.
They became teachers, shopkeepers, and drivers.
3. Texans opened factories to manufacture supplies
previously obtained from the North and Europe.
Texans now produced cannons, ammunition,
wagons, ambulances, blankets, tents, cloth, shoes,
uniforms, saddles, and other necessary items.
Many of these factories were tended by women.
CHANGING ROLES OF WOMEN
1.On many smaller farms, there were no men to
work the crops or tend the livestock. It is
estimated that during the war, four out of five
adult white men were away from home at
some time. Women, children, and slaves did
almost all the farm work.
2. In addition to performing traditional male
occupations, many women served as nurses.
Many women served as nurses.
“If I cannot fight,
I can feed those who do.”
SHORTAGES MAKE LIFE DIFFICULT
Though Texans could obtain many things through
Mexico, the blockade of the Texas coast forced
Texans to do without many items. In addition, the
population increased as large numbers of refugees
fled to Texas, making shortages even greater.
Texans were resourceful in creating substitutes for
items in short supply. Some examples of these are:
1. cloth – replaced by a coarse, homemade cloth
known as homespun.
2. coffee- replaced by burnt sweet potato, corn, or
okra.
Shortages…
3. tea – native herbs and plants
4. salt – women dug up the boards of their
smokehouses to recover the salt drippings
5. paper – wallpaper torn from walls
6. dishes – earthenware (clay) plates
7. bandages – torn sheets
8. Civilians often had to do without medicines and
hospital supplies because these were needed on
the battlefield.
A dress made of homespun
Texans were generous with their
donations to the Civil War cause.
They generously gave crops and
livestock to feed the soldiers. Local
committees collected food, clothing,
and money. Women gave their
jewelry so the troops could purchase
goods.
THE END OF
THE CIVIL WAR
AND SLAVERY
For four years the armies of the
South fought against great odds. By the
spring of 1865, the weary Confederate
armies could hold out no longer.
On April 9, 1865, General Robert E.
Lee made a difficult decision. The Army
of Northern Virginia, the largest
Confederate force, surrendered to
General Ulysses S. Grant at the town of
Appomattox Courthouse in Virginia.
Lee surrenders to Grant
In theory, the Civil War was over.
When Union soldiers began firing
cannon salutes to celebrate, General
Grant ordered all loud celebrations
ended. “The war is over, the rebels are
our countrymen again.”
Within weeks Confederate
President Jefferson Davis was
captured, and the remaining armies in
the South surrendered.
As Southern armies surrendered, the
state government of Texas collapsed.
Governor Pendleton Murrah and other
state officials fled to Mexico in June 1865
to escape Union troops. For some weeks
Texas had no state government. Lawless
armed bands roamed the countryside.
Order was restored only after President
Andrew Johnson appointed Andrew
Jackson Hamilton provisional governor
in July 1865. Now Texans faced the task
of rejoining the Union.
CASUALTIES OF THE WAR
Sorrow had touched nearly every family in
the nation.
Millions of soldiers had fought in
the conflict. More than 600,000 Northerners
and Southerners died.
Over one-fifth of the adult White males in the
South died. Men returned to their families
blind, deaf, or missing arms and legs. 37,000
African-Americans died fighting for their
freedom.
MAKESHIFT MEDICINE
Medical knowledge in the 1860’s was
still on the primitive side. Joseph Lister
had not yet discovered that infections
could be prevented by the use of
antiseptics and heat sterilization of
instruments. As a result, over half of the
people who underwent surgery died from
complications afterward.
MAKESHIFT MEDICINE
In the North, while over 67,000 died
fighting, 43,000 died of wounds which had
not been treated properly. During the Civil
War, surgeons did not even know to wash
their hands before surgery.
As many as 400,000 others on both sides
died from such diseases as dysentery,
smallpox, measles, and pneumonia.
Civil War Amputation
What would you choose anesthesia or pain bullets?
THE SLAVES WIN THEIR
FREEDOM
The North’s victory brought an end to
slavery. In September, 1862, President
Lincoln had issued the Emancipation
Proclamation, which had freed enslaved
people in the Confederate States.
However, the enslaved people of Texas
did not learn that they had been freed for
another two years.
The slaves win their freedom…
At the end of the Civil War, U.S. troops
took control of Texas. When Union general
Gordon Granger landed at Galveston in
1865, he issued a proclamation freeing the
slaves.
General Granger issued the decree on
June 19, 1865. African-Americans in Texas
called this day Juneteenth. It
became a state holiday in 1979.
June 19th, 1865
THE DEATH OF LINCOLN
Abraham Lincoln did not live to see all of
the slaves freed. On April 14, five days after
Lee’s surrender, Lincoln was assassinated
while attending a play at Ford’s Theatre.
Lincoln’s killer was John Wilkes Booth,
an actor who believed he was helping the
Confederate cause. Booth and several
conspirators had planned to kill not only
Lincoln, but all the top Union leaders,
including General Grant and Vice President
Andrew Johnson.
John Wilkes Booth
President Lincoln lies in state.
THE
END