Transcript Native American Transgender, Gay, Two Spirit, Lesbian, Bisexual

TRANSGENDER &
GENDER NON-CONFORMING
101 / 105
Michelle Enfield
Red Circle Project at
APLA Health & Wellness
SEX
VS.
GENDER
SEX
Male
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Penis
Testicles
Scrotum
Semen
Vas deferens
Prostate gland
Urethra
testosterone
Female
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Vagina
Clitoris
Uterus
Fallopian tube
Ovaries
Endometrium
Cervix
Estrogen (and testosterone)
Sex:
Refers strictly to the
biological makeup of a male or a
female.
GENDER
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Man/masculinity
Woman/femininity
Wears blue
Aren’t supposed to cry
Aggressive
Tough
Provider
Brings home the bacon
Studly
Strong
Go-getter
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Wears pink
Girly
Emotional
Soft spoken
Caring
Loving
soft
Cooks
Loves shopping
Gender:
Personal traits and position in
society connected
with being a woman or man.
INDIVIDUALISTIC
VS.
COMMUNALISTIC
Western/American
We all have a:
Sex at Birth
Female
Woman
Male
Gender Identity
Man
Trans, Queer, Gender non-conforming
Feminine
Men
Gender Expression
Sexual Orientation
Gay/heterosexual/Bisexual
Masculine
Women
Native Communities
We all have a:
Sex at Birth
Female
Feminine
Life-giver
Cook
Healer
Male
Gender Expression
(appearance)
Role in the
community
Masculine
Hunter
Butcher
Haul wood
Gender is developed in
two ways:
• Not only do we “do gender,” or participate in its
construction, but we also have gender done to us as
members of society.
• Example: When little girls are told their fathers do not want
tenderness from them, they are both doing gender to
themselves and their dads, and having gender done to
them.
• “doing gender” not only “(re)produces gender difference, it
(re)produces gender inequality”
• through our conversations we pass on “different,
asymmetrical assumptions about men and women”
Tribal Language &Two Spirit
Terminology
Tribe
Term
Gender
Crow
Navajo
boté
nádleehí
male
male and female
Lakota
winkte
male
Zuni
lhamana
male
Omaha
mexoga
male
Two Spirit – Native LBGT
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Two Spirit term refers to Native
American/Alaska Native Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual,
and some Transgender individuals (LGBT).
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Came from the Anishinabe language.
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It means having both feminine and masculine
spirits within one person.
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Has a different meaning in different
communities. “Two Spirit” was adopted in
1990 at the 3rd International Native Gay &
Lesbian Gathering in Winnipeg, Canada.
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The term is used in rural and urban LGBT
communities to describe the re-claiming of
their traditional identity and roles.
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The term refers to culturally prescribed
spiritual and social roles; however, the term is
not applicable to all tribes.
•
We’wha
Transgender
is an
umbrella term used to describe individuals who
experience their own sense of gender as different
from the gender they were assigned at birth.
It encompasses all nontraditional gender
expressions, including but not limited to transsexual,
cross-dresser, gender-bender, gender outlaw, gender
queer, and drag king/queen
Transgender
encompasses
varied gender identities, some transgender people wish
to transition their gender presentation from the gender
they were assigned at birth to a gender presentation that
more closely matches their internal sense of self.
Transsexuals
often wish to
make a gender transition to present themselves
physically and socially as their preferred gender.
Transgender identity development involves many
stages, beginning with awareness of one’s own
gender variance and progressing to integration,
which may include transition from one gender to
another
AAMFT Code of Ethics
Marriage and family therapists are defined by an
enduring dedication to professional and ethical
excellence, as well as the commitment to service,
advocacy, and public participation. Marriage and
family therapists also encourage public participation
in the design and delivery of professional services and
in the regulation of practitioners. Professional
competence in these areas is essential to the
character of the field, and to the well-being of clients
and their communities.
HARASSMENT AND DISCRIMINATION IN
EDUCATION
Those who expressed a transgender identity or gender
non-conformity while in grades K-12 reported alarming
rates of:
Harassment (78%)
Physical Assault (35%)
Sexual Violence (12%)
harassment was so severe that it led almost one-sixth
(15%) to leave a school in K-12 settings or in higher
education.
EMPLOYMENT DISCRIMINATION AND
ECONOMIC INSECURITY
• Unemployment: unemployment at twice the rate of
the general population with rates for people of color
up to four times the national unemployment rate.
• 90% reported harassment, mistreatment or
discrimination on the job or took actions like hiding
who they are to avoid it.
• 47% had adverse job outcome, such as being fired,
not hired or denied a promotion
• 71% hid their gender or gender transition
• 57% delayed their gender transition.
EMPLOYMENT DISCRIMINATION AND
ECONOMIC INSECURITY
78%, the vast majority, of those
who transitioned from one
gender to the other reported that
they felt more comfortable at
work and their job performance
improved, despite high levels of
mistreatment.
HOUSING DISCRIMINATION AND
HOMELESSNESS
• 19% , one-fifth reported experiencing
homelessness at some point in their lives
because they were transgender or gender nonconforming.
Of those trying to access a homeless shelter:
• 55% were harassed by shelter staff or residents
• 29% were turned away altogether
• 22% were sexually assaulted by residents or
staff.
DISCRIMINATION IN PUBLIC
ACCOMMODATIONS
• 53% of respondents reported being verbally
harassed or disrespected in a place of public
accommodation, including hotels, restaurants,
buses, airports and government agencies.
• 22% were denied equal treatment by a
government agency or official
• 29% reported police harassment or disrespect
• 12% had been denied equal treatment or
harassed by judges or court officials.
Executive Summary
Increasing numbers of population-based surveys in the United States and across
the world include questions that allow for an estimate of the size of the lesbian,
gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) population. This research brief discusses
challenges associated with collecting better information about the LGBT
community and reviews eleven recent US and international surveys that ask
sexual orientation or gender identity questions. The brief concludes with
estimates of the size of the LGBT population in the United States.
Key findings from the research brief
are as follows:
• An estimated 3.5% of adults in the United States identify as
lesbian, gay, or bisexual and an estimated 0.3% of adults are
transgender.
• This implies that there are approximately 9 million LGBT
Americans, a figure roughly equivalent to the population of
New Jersey.
• Estimates of those who report any lifetime same-sex sexual
behavior and any same-sex sexual attraction are substantially
higher than estimates of those who identify as LGB. An
estimated 19 million Americans (8.2%) report that they have
engaged in same-sex sexual behavior and nearly 25.6 million
Americans (11%) acknowledge at least some same-sex sexual
attraction.
-2007estimated transgender women = 4,400
-In the previous HIV Prevention Plan (2004‐2008),
estimated = 10,000
-Statewide California consensus meeting
incorrectly cited as a LAC estimate rather than
a statewide estimate
7,213,883 *0.1% = 7,214
7,213,883 *0.2% = 14,428
7,213,883 *0.3% = 21,642
0.1% ‐ Must identify as a transgender man or woman
0.2% ‐ Must identify as a transgender man or woman, or identify with a gender
different from gender at birth
0.3% ‐ Broad identification with a wide variety of cross‐gender behaviors and
identities
Stigmatization
• A social process dependent upon power that
nurtures and reproduces social
inequalities
– enacted stigma is characterized as incidents of
discrimination (e.g., rejection, violence)
– felt stigma refers to an internalization of stigma
which manifests as the fear of experiencing some
form of enacted stigma
Barriers
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Lack of knowledge
Lack of comfort
Lack of skills
Lack of TG-friendly testing sites
Lack of TG-specific programs that cover more
than condom usage and negotiations
• Public health intervention research has produced
no culturally specific, evidence-based HIV
prevention interventions for TG women and girls
Homelessness
• Many paths to losing stable housing:
– relating to poverty, medical and mental disability, legal
problems, or lack of a social or family safety net.
• Homelessness and unmet medical and
psychiatric needs are serious interrelated
problems faced by the transgender population.
• Homelessness raises people’s risk of having
untreated medical, psychiatric, and substance
use disorders.
Homelessness
• Homeless transgender clients are often
excluded from shelter systems due to their
gender nonconformity.
Homelessness
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Poverty due to discrimination in employment and chronic under-employment
Lack of economic/housing support from family—a safety net that many people can utilize during
hard times
Lack of education and training because of harassment or discrimination, which results in an inability
to acquire jobs
Inability to access standard healthcare due to discrimination by providers and other barriers
Inability to pay for transgender-related healthcare such as hormones, counseling, and gender
reassignment procedures (almost all transgender-related healthcare is
not covered by insurance providers in the US)
Substance abuse and addiction
Discrimination by housing providers, landlords, etc.
Discrimination by social service agencies
Criminal record of all types of survival street crimes (drug trade, theft, sex work) to
which a person turns when unable to earn a living through legal means
HIV infection or other sexually transmitted acquired from survival sex work or
other means
Inability to meet “workfare” requirements due to discrimination at workfare sites
Victimization from crime while living on the street or from crime targeting transgender people
(hate crimes)
For youth, being prohibited from making necessary decisions for themselves because of their age,
such as living and dressing according to their gender identity
Other forms of discrimination people may face, such as race, disability, or economic status
discrimination
Addiction
• Difficulty accessing addiction treatment programs
and healthcare more broadly
• Barriers to addiction treatment for transgender
persons are often rooted in stigma and include
structural barriers (e.g., sex segregated housing)
as well as treatment provider attitudes.
• many treatment professionals report stigmatizing
attitudes towards their LGBTQ clients and also
lack knowledge of LGBTQ-related issues
• Treatment providers working with LGBTQ
individuals receive little if any education into
the specific treatment needs of gender and
sexual minorities
• With limited training and understanding of
transgender populations, treatment providers
may contribute to barriers to addiction
treatment, including stigmatizing attitudes.
• Low levels of therapeutic support
– Less honesty
– Less connection
– Less satisfaction
Transgender individuals constitute less than
1% of the tests, but continue to have new
positivity rates at least four times greater
(5.4%) than men (1.2%).
To request copies of this poster, please contact the NRCDV at
1-800-537-2238
or
[email protected]
Several NRCDV staff display this poster in their workspace as a symbol of their
commitment to make our organization accessible to all.
http://www.nrcdv.org/AccessInitiative/