Transcript Child, Family, School, Community Socialization and Support 5th ed.

Child, Family, School,
and Community
Socialization and Support
Chapter One
Ecology of the Child
th
6
ed.
Ecology, Change, and
Children

Ecology is the science of
interrelationships between
organisms and their environments.
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In human development, it involves the
consequent biological, psychological,
social, and cultural processes that
develop over time.
Socialization and Child
Development

Socialization is the process by
which individuals acquire the
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knowledge
skills
character traits
that enable them to participate as
effective members of groups and
society.
Socialization is what…
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every parent
every teacher
every friend
every religion
every community
DOES
George Mead
Language
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separates humans from other
animals
makes ideas and communication
of these ideas possible
makes it possible to replace action
with thoughts
A Unique Human Process
 Internalization is the process
by which externally controlled
behavior shifts to
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internally
self-controlled
behavior
A Reciprocal
Dynamic Process
Socialization begins and birth and
continues throughout life
Temperament and Socialization
Socialization
Intentional
 When adults have
certain values that
they consistently
convey to children
 Approval for
compliance
 Negative
consequences for
noncompliance
Unintentional
 Without the
deliberate intent to
impart knowledge
or values
 Involves human
interaction or
observation of
interaction
How children are socialized
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Parents
Siblings
Grandparents
Aunts
Uncles
Cousins
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Friends
Neighbors
Peers
Teachers
Coaches
Characters on
television
• Characters on movies
• Characters in books
Changes
 We assume childhood to be a special
period of time when we are cared for,
taught, and protected because we are not
mature enough to do these things for
ourselves
 Children today must cope with a world in
which both parents work, drugs are readily
available, sex is as close as TV or the
Internet, and violence is just “around the
corner”
Change and Socialization
Input
 Interactions in
various settings
and situations
Output
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Values
Attitudes
Attributes
Motives
Self-esteem
Self-regulation
Morals
Gender roles
Examining Socialization in an
Ecological Context
In Bronfenbrenner’s Theory there are four
basic structures:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Microsystem
Mesosystem
Exosystem
Macrosystem
Relationships and interactions take
place to form patterns that effect human
development.
An Ecological Model of
Human Development
Microsystem
(micro meaning “small”)
The activities and relationships with
significant others experienced by children
in a particular small setting such as:
- Family
- School
- Peer group
- Community
The Family:
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is the setting that
provides nurturance,
affection, and a variety
of opportunities.
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is the primary
socializer of children in
that it has the most
significant impact on
their development
The School:
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is the setting in
which children
formally learn about
their society.
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is a socializer of
children that
teaches reading,
writing, arithmetic,
history, science, and
so on.
The Peer Group:
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is the setting in which
children are generally
unsupervised by
adults and gain
experience in
independence.
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helps children get a
sense of who they are
and what they can do.
The Community:
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or neighborhood is the
main microsystem in
which children learn by
what they are doing.
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determines what real
experiences children
will have.
The Media:
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Television
Movies
Videos
Books
Magazines
Music
Computers
Mesosystem
(meso meaning “intermediate”)
Interrelationships between two or
more of a children’s microsystems:
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Home and School
School and Community
Peer Group and School
Etc.
Exosystem
(exo meaning “outside”)
Settings in which children are not active
participants, but that affect them in one
of their microsytems:
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parents’ job
city council
parental social support networks
etc.
Macrosystem
(macro meaning “large”)
The society and subculture to which
children belong, with particular
reference to:
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belief systems
lifestyles (lower/middle/upper class)
patterns of social interactions
life changes
etc.
Ethnicity:
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is an attribute of membership in a group in
which members continue to identify
themselves by national origin, culture,
race, or religion.
Ethnic diversity in the United States
makes the understanding of the
macrosystem more important.
Hall’s Classification of
Macrosystems
• Low-Context
• High-Context
Rationality
Practicality
Competition
Individuality
Progress
Intuitiveness
Emotionality
Cooperation
Group identity
Tradition
Interaction of Ecological
Systems Over Time
• The chronosystem involves temporal
changes in ecological systems or within
individuals as they develop that produce
new conditions affecting children’s
development.
Successful Socialization of
Children
 The challenge in today’s society is to rear
children to maintain certain:
– values
– morals
– attitudes
– behaviors
– roles
while being adaptable to change, so that
they become responsible, caring,
competent adults.
Society, Change, and
Consequences
 With change comes
consequences, some
affecting many people
and others affecting
few.
 “The future will
depend on what we
do in the present.”
-Mahatma Ghandi
Change and Societal Trends
Societal trends that impact children and
families include the following:
 Biotechnology
 Reconceptualization of societal and individual
responsibilities
 Mobile technology
 Globalism/Nationalism
 Information Intermediaries
Reconceptualization of Societal
and Individual Responsibilities
 The challenge is to create caring
communities that teach children to:
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think
apply
analyze
synthesize
evaluate
}
information
NOT simply regurgitate facts
Change and Consequences
The following ecological trends challenge
families, schools, and communities’
commitment to children’s needs:
 Family size is shrinking
 Highly mobile society
 mothers in the labor force
 homelessness
 number of children living w/both parents
 children who are abused/neglected
Children in a Toxic Environment
 James Garbarino believes that:
– violence
– drugs
– uncaring communities
– poverty
– abusive families
– custody battles
are poisoning children’s lives and are
responsible for the less-than-optimal wellbeing of America’s children.
Parents’ Bill of Rights
Parents are entitled to:
 time for their children
 economic security
 a profamily electoral and legal system
 a supportive external environment
 honor and dignity
- Hewlett and West
(authors of The War Against Parents, 1998)