Transcript PPT

Chapter Five Socialization
• Socialization is the lifelong process of social
interaction through which individuals acquire
a self-identify and the physical, mental, and
social skills needed for survival in society. The
content of socialization differs greatly from
society to society.
Human Development:
Biology and Society
• Every human being is a product of biology,
society , and personal experiences, or heredity
and environment.
• Sociobiology is the systematic study of how
biology affects social behavior
Social Isolation
• Social environment is a crucial part of an individual’s
socialization; people need social contact with other
in order to develop properly.
• Researchers have attempted to demonstrate the
effects of social isolation on non-human primates
that are raised without contact with other of their
own species
Social Isolation
• Isolated children illustrate the importance of
socialization
• The most frequent for of child maltreatment is
child neglect
Social Psychological Theories of
Human Development
• Freud and the Psychoanalytical Perspective
– Human behavior and personality originate from
subconscious forces within the individual
• At this time biological explanations for human behavior
were prevalent
• An era of extreme sexual repression and male
dominance
Social Psychological Theories of
Human Development
• Freud and the Psychoanalytical Perspective
– Freud’s theory based on the notion that people
have two basic tendencies
• The urge to survive
• The urge to procreate
Social Psychological Theories of
Human Development
• Freud and the Psychoanalytical Perspective
– Human Development Occurs in three states that reflect
different levels of personality
• The id is the component of the personality that
includes all of the individual’s basic biological drives
and needs that demand immediate gratifications
• The ego is the rational, reality-oriented component
of personality that imposes restrictions on the
innate pleasure-seeking drives of the id
• The superego, or conscience consists of the moral
and ethical aspects of personality
Social Psychological Theories of
Human Development
• Piaget and Cognitive Theory of Human
Development
• In each state of human development
children’s activities are governed by their
perceptions of the world around them
• When age appropriate tasks are complete,
new mental abilities allow the the
transition the the next stage
Social Psychological Theories of
Human Development
• Piaget and Cognitive Theory of Human
Development
• Four Stages of Cognitive Development
– Sensorimotor (0-2) children develop object
permanence
– Preoperational (2-7) children develop ability to use
words are mental symbols and to form mental images
– Concrete Operational (7-11) children learn to reason
and take the role of the other
– Formal Operational (12-adolescence) children develop
the ability to think in highly abstract thought
Social Psychological Theories of
Human Development
• Piaget and Cognitive Theory of Human
Development
• Criticisms of Piaget’s Theory
– Does not address individual differences
– Says little about cultural differences
– Does not address how gender impacts
cognitive development
Social Psychological Theories of
Human Development
• Kohlberg and stages of Moral Development
– Presented subjects with moral dilemmas to
learn about moral reasoning
• Preconventional (7-10) punishment and obedience
• Conventional (10-adulthood) peer approval and
conformity to rules
• Postconventional (few adults reach this stage)
individual and human rights that transcend
government and laws
Social Psychological Theories of
Human Development
• Kohlberg and stages of Moral Development
– Criticisms of Kohlberg’s Theory
• Some Challenge the universality of his stages
• Use of moral dilemmas too abstract for children
Social Psychological Theories of
Human Development
• Gilligan’s View on Gender and Moral
Development
• Her theory is based on a critical response to
Kohlberg’s methodology and findings
• Kohlberg used men in his study—
production biased results
Social Psychological Theories of
Human Development
• Gilligan found differences in the ways that
men and women think about moral
problems
• Female Moral Development in three stages
– Motivated by selfish concerns
– Recognizes responsibility in others
– Makes decisions based on desire to do good
for herself and others
Sociological Theories of Human
Development
• Cooley and the Looking Glass Self – sense of self is
developed from the perceptions of others through a
three step process
– We imagine how our personality and appearance will look
to other people
– We imagine how other people judge the appearance and
personality we think we represent
– We develop a self-concept
Sociological Theories of Human
Development
• George Herbert Meade linked the idea of selfconcept to role-taking—the process by which
a person mentally assumes the role of another
person in order to understand the world from
that person’s point of view
Sociological Theories of Human
Development
• G. H. Meade
• Significant Others are those persons whose
care, affection, and approval are especially
desired and who are most important the the
development of the self; these individuals are
extremely important in the socialization
process
Sociological Theories of Human
Development
• G. H. Meade
• Mead divided the self into the “I” and “me”
• “I” is the subjective element of the self that
represents the spontaneous and unique traits of
each person
• “me” is the objective element of self, which is
composed of he internalized attitudes and demands
of other members of society and the individual’s
awareness of those demands
• G. H. Meade outlined three stages of selfdevelopment
– Preparatory stage – children largely imitate the people
around them
– Play stage (3-5) – children learn to use language and other
symbols, thus making it possible for them to pretend to
take the roles of specific people
– Game stage – children understand not only their own
social position but also the positions of those around
them.
• At this time the child develop a generalized other – an awareness
of the demands and expectations of the society as a whole or of
the child’s subculture.
Sociological Theories of Human
Development
• Interactionist theories such as Meade’s and
Cooley’s contribute to how the self
develops….but
– These theories do not take into account
differences in people’s experiences based on race,
ethnicity, class, religion, gender or other social
factors
Self-Concept and Child Maltreatment
• Child maltreatment occurs when there is an
extreme imbalance in positive and negative
social interactions
• Dynamic interplay between social factors
related to past events and present situations
Agents of Socialization
• Agents of socialization are the persons,
groups, or institutions that teach us what we
need to know in order to participate in
society. These are the most pervasive agents
of socialization in childhood
The Family as an Agent of Socialization
• The family is the most important agent of
socialization in all societies.
– Functionalists emphasize that families are the primary
locus of procreation and socialization of children, as well as
the primary source of emotional support
– To a large extent the family is where we acquire our
specific social positions in society
– Conflict theorist stress that socialization reproduces class
structure in the next generation
Schools as Agents of Socialization
• Schools have played an increasingly important
role in the socialization process as the amount
of specialized technical and scientific
knowledge has expanded rapidly
– Schools teach specific knowledge and skills and
they also have a profound effect on a child’s selfimage, beliefs and values
Schools as Agents of Socialization
• From a functionalist perspective schools are
responsible for:
– Socialization—teaching students to be
productive members of society
– Transmission of culture
– Social control and personal development
– The selection, training, and placement of
individuals on different rungs in society
Schools as Agents of Socialization
• According to Conflict Theorists much of what
happens at schools is a hidden curriculum
– Working class and low income children learn to be
neat, on time, wait their turn, and remain
attentive to work
– These are attributes that make them more easily
manipulated in the workforce
Peer Groups as Agents of
Socialization
• A peer group is a group of people who are linked
by common interests, equal social positions, and
(usually) a similar age
– Peer groups function as agents of socialization by
contributing to our sense of belonging and our feelings
of self-worth
– Individuals must earn their acceptance with their peers
by meeting the group’s demands for high level of
conformity to its own norms, attitudes, speech, and
dress codes
Mass Media as an Agent of
Socialization
• The mass media function as socialization agents for
children and adults in several ways:
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They inform us about events
They introduce us to a wide variety of people
They provide an array of viewpoints on current issues
They make us aware of products and services that if we
purchase them, supposedly will help us to be accepted by
others
– They entertain us by providing the opportunity to live
vicariously
Mass Media as an Agent of
Socialization
• Television is the most pervasive form of media
• 98% of all homes in the U.S. have at least on
television set.
• There is some evidence that television is
potentially harmful to:
• Literacy
• Rampant consumerism
• Increases in violence and violent crime
Gender, Race, and Ethnicity
Socialization
• Gender socialization is the aspect of
socialization that contains specific messages
and practices concerning the nature of being
female of male in a specific group or society
– Families, Schools, and sports tend to reinforce
traditional gender roles
Gender Socialization
Gender Socialization
Gender Socialization
Gender, Race, and Ethnicity
Socialization
• Racial Socialization is the aspect of
socialization that contains specific messages
and practices concerning the nature of one’s
racial or ethnic status as it relates to:
– Personal and group identity
– Inter-group and inter-individual relationships
– Position in social hierarchy
Socialization Throughout the Life
Course
• Socialization is a lifelong process, each time we
experience a change in status, we learn a new set of
rules, roles, and relationships
• Even before we enter a new status, we often
participate in anticipatory socialization – the process
by which knowledge and skills are learned for future
roles.
• The most common categories of age are infancy,
childhood, adolescences, and adulthood (young,
middle, old)
Socialization Throughout the Life Course
• During infancy and early childhood,
family support and guidance are crucial
to a child’s developing self-concept
– Some families reflect the discrepancy
between cultural ideals and reality where
children grow up in settings of fear, danger
and risks that are created by parental
neglect, emotional maltreatment, or
premature economic and sexual demands
Socialization Throughout the Life
Course
• Anticipatory socialization for adult roles often
is associated with adolescence, however,
some young people may plunge in adult
responsibilities at this time
Socialization Throughout the Life
Course
• In early adulthood (until about 40) people work
toward their won goals of creating meaningful
relationships with others, finding employment,
seeking personal fulfillment. Occupational
Socialization has 4 phases:
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Career choice
Anticipatory socialization
Conditioninign and commitment
Continous commitment
Socialization Throughout the Life
Course
• Between the ages of 40 & 60 people enter middle
adulthood and many begin to compare their
accomplishments with their earlier expectations.
• In older adulthood some people are quite happy and
content, other are not:
– Difficult changes in attitudes and behavior may occur in
the last years of life when people experience decreased
physical ability and social devaluation
• Late adulthood is a time when many people
experience ageism, prejudice and discrimination
against people on the basis of age
• Negative images contribute to the view that women are older ten
or fifteen years sooner than men
• Many buffer themselves against ageism by continuing to view
themselves as being in middle adulthood
• It is important to note that everyone does not go
through these passages or stages and that race,
ethnicity, class and gender strongly influence these
stages
Resocialization
• Resocialization is the process of learning a new and
different set of attitudes, values ,and behaviors from
the ones previously held.
• Voluntary Resocialization – occurs when we enter a
new status of our own free will
• Involuntary Resocialization – occurs against a persons
wishers an generally takes place within a total
institution
Socialization in the Future
• Families are likely to remain the institution that most
fundamentally shapes and nurtures personal values
and self-identity
• Parents increasingly feel overburdened by this
responsibility, especially without societal support,
such as high-quality day care and some education on
parenting skills
• A central issue facing parents and teachers as they
socialize children is the growing dominance of the
media and other forms of technology.