Transcript History of Social Psychology

Social Psychology:
Psych 353
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Professor: Dr. Steve Spencer
My office is 3043 PAS
My phone # is 3046
My email account is
[email protected]
My office hours are Wednesday 3:30-5:30 p.m.
Course Website can be found at:
http://watarts.uwaterloo.ca/~sspencer/psych353
TA: Sonya Dal Cin
Her office is 3045 PAS, her office hour is Tuesday
3-4
Her e-mail is [email protected]
Social Cognition
How we think
The World
Other People
Ourselves
Examples of Social Cognition
• How we think influences our perceptions of the
world
– Mixed Up Story
• How we think influences our perceptions of others
– Influence tactics for sharing ice cream
• How we think influences our perceptions of
ourselves
– Morality: Choosing between Good and Evil
History of Social Psychology
• Early Social Psychologists
– Triplett - the fishing reel experiment
– Floyd Allport - the study of attitudes
– Cooley, Mead, & James - theorizing about
the social self-concept
– Katz & Braly - the study of stereotyping
– La Pierre - attitudes links to behavior
• Three Influential Gestalt Psychologists
– Kurt Lewin
– Solomon Asch
– Fritz Heider
History of Social Psychology The Age of Great Theories and Experiments
Mid 1940’s to Late 1950’s
• Asch – Conformity
– Person Perception
• Milgram
– Obedience
• Festinger
– Cognitive Dissonance
– Social Comparison
• Heider
– Balance Theory
– Attribution Theory
The History of Social Psychology The Age of Activism
1960’s
• Stereotyping and Prejudice
– School Desegregation
• Aggression
– Gun Effect
• Altrusim
– Bystander Intervention
• Interpersonal Relations
– Attraction
The History of Social Psychology The Age of Mentalism
1970’s
• The Naive Scientist
– Attribution Models
• The Cognitive Miser
– Schemas
– Heuristics
• The Motivated Tactician
– Accuracy motivation
The Age of Self-Doubt and Redefinition
• The Activist Tradition
– Carryover from Age of Activism
• The Essentialist Tradition
– Carryover from Age of Mentalism
• Research is increasingly required to meet the
demands of both traditions
A History of Cognitive Psychology
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Wundt’s Mental Atomism
Ebbinghaus’ Seminal Work
The Behaviorist Reaction
The Gestalt Reaction
Bartlett’s Reaction
The Birth of Cognitive Psychology
Factor’s in the Birth of Cognitive
Psychology
• Chomsky’s work on language acquisition
• Information processing models of thought
– Broadbent
• The computer as a metaphor for human
cognition
– Simon
• Miller discovery of 7 + or - 2 rule of short-term
memory
• Bruner’s work on going beyond the
information given
• Neisser’s work on schemas
Where the two shall meet
• Orange Book (1972). on attribution theory
took an explicit stand in favor of information
processing models.
• Hamilton’s illusory correlation as a possible
mechanism for stereotyping.
• Work on groups in social psychology was
becoming less important. Little progress was
being made.
• Attitudes were being redefined as behavioral
intentions
• Anderson develops a person perception
model that competes with Asch’s
Research Methods Inferring Causation
• Correlation – When one variable
changes the other
variable changes
• Time Order – Which comes first
the chicken or the
egg
• Elimination of all other
possible causes
– random assignment
ResearchMethods How Experiment try to Establish
Causality
• Independent Variables – Experimental group(s)
– Control group(s)
• Dependent Variables – Valid
– Reliable
• Time Order is built in
– Independent variable leads
to dependedent variables
• Eliminating other causes
– random assignment
– procedural control