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8 The Endocrine System Lesson 8.1: Functions and Control of the Endocrine System Lesson 8.2: Major Endocrine Organs Lesson 8.3: Endocrine Disorders and Diseases Chapter 8: The Endocrine System Lesson 8.1 Functions and Control of the Endocrine System Functions and Control of the Endocrine System A collection of organs that directly or indirectly influence all the functions of the body © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. • http://www.gwlearning.com/healthsciences/9781619604124/stu dent/ch08_01/identify01/story.html © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Anatomy of the Endocrine System Two different types of glands – endocrine glands • secrete hormones directly into bloodstream • include the hypothalamus, pancreas, pituitary gland, adrenal gland, thyroid gland, pineal gland, testes, and ovaries – exocrine glands • secrete through a duct to the body’s surface or to other organs • sweat glands, salivary glands, mammary glands, lacrimal glands, pancreas glands © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Hormones • steroid hormones–lipid-based – hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex and reproductive glands • amino acid hormones–protein-based – most hormones • hormone receptors – Upregulated (increased) – exercise upregulates insulin receptors – less insulin is needed to promote glucose uptake – Downregulated (decreased) – obesity downregulates insulin receptors – more insulin is needed to promote glucose uptake - diabetes © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Hormone Secretion Control • Neural Control • Hormonal Control • Humoral Control © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Hormone Secretion Control • neural control – nerve fibers stimulate the endocrine organs to secrete or inhibit a hormone – the sympathetic nervous system (fight or flight) stimulates the adrenal medulla to release epinephrine and norepinephrine which prime the body for fight or flight response – increased heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, and blood flow to muscles; decreased blood flow to organs and dilation of the pupils © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Hormone Secretion Control • hormonal control – hierarchy chain of command – endocrine organs are stimulated by hormones from other endocrine organs, starting with the hypothalamus 1. hypothalamus (president) directs activities of the pituitary glands by secreting hypothalamic releasing hormones and hypothalamic nonreleasing hormones 2. pituitary gland (vice president) releases many hormones to the adrenal cortex, thyroid, reproductive organs, pancreas, and adrenal medulla (managers) 3. the managers release hormones – when the manager hormones rise in the bloodstream, signals are sent back to the hypothalamus and pituitary glad to stop releasing hormones – negative feedback loop © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Hormone Secretion Control © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Hormone Secretion Control • humoral control – levels of various substances in body fluids are monitored – if a homeostatic imbalance is detected, corrective action is taken until homeostasis is re-established – when blood glucose levels rise, the pancreas releases insulin which stimulates the absorption of glucose – when blood glucose levels drop, the pancreas secretes the hormone glucagon which causes the breakdown of stored glycogen in the liver and thereby increases the glucose level in the blood © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Hormones and Homeostasis • negative feedback – mechanism that reverses a condition that has exceeded the normal homeostatic range to restore homeostasis http://www.gwlearning.com/healthsciences/9781619604 124/student/ch08/video01.htm © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. The Hypothalamus • helps regulates body temperature © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Review and Assessment True or False? 1. Endocrine glands secrete hormones. 2. Endocrine glands have ducts. 3. Steroid hormones are proteins. 4. Hormone receptors can only be upregulated. 5. Glucagon is under humoral control. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. •STOP © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Chapter 8: The Endocrine System Lesson 8.2 Major Endocrine Organs Major Endocrine Organs © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. The Hypothalamus • helps regulate – – – – – metabolism heart rate energy level body temperature thirst © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary • prolactin (PRO) – growth of mammary glands – milk production in a nursing mother • growth hormone (GH) – growth of bone and muscles © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary • adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) – release of steroid hormones from adrenal cortex • thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) – release of T4 and T3 from thyroid gland © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary • follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) – in females • estrogen production • egg production – in males • sperm production • luteinizing hormone (LH) – in females • ovulation – in males • testosterone © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Hormones of the Posterior Pituitary • antidiuretic hormone – acts on kidney, decreases urine output • oxytocin – acts on uterus, causes contractions – acts on breast, causes secretion of milk © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Major Endocrine Glands • thyroid gland – thyroxine T4 and triiodothyronine T3 • controls rate of metabolism – calcitonin • removes calcium from blood, puts into bones • parathyroid gland – parathyroid hormone • removes calcium from bones, puts into blood © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Major Endocrine Glands • thymus gland – thymosin • development of immune system • pineal gland – melatonin • produces sleepiness © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Adrenal Glands • adrenal medulla – epinephrine and norepinephrine • adrenaline rush • adrenal cortex – mineralocorticoids • aldosterone • sodium and water reabsorbed in kidneys – glucocorticoids • cortisone and cortisol • promote gluconeogenesis – sex hormones • estrogen and androgens • maintains sexual characteristics © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Adrenal Glands © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Pancreas • islets of Langerhans – alpha cells • glucagon • increase blood glucose level – beta cells • insulin • decrease blood glucose level © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Gonads • testes – testosterone • sperm production • ovaries – estrogen • secondary sexual characteristics • progesterone • menstrual cycle © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Review and Assessment Fill in the blanks with: ADH, thyroxine, thymosin, or adrenal cortex. 1. The thymus gland produces _______________. 2. The posterior pituitary gland produces oxytocin and _______________. 3. Mineralocorticoids are produced by the _______________. 4. T4 is also called _______________. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Chapter 8: The Endocrine System Lesson 8.3 Endocrine Disorders and Diseases Endocrine Disorders and Diseases • • • • • • pituitary disorders thyroid disorders disorders of the parathyroid gland adrenal medulla disorders disorders of the adrenal cortex the pancreas and diabetes mellitus © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Pituitary Disorders • hyperfunction – acromegaly, or gigantism • hypofunction – dwarfism – diabetes insipidus © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Thyroid Disorders • hyperthyroidism – goiter – Graves disease • hypothyroidism – myxedema – neonatal hypothyroidism © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Endocrine Disorders and Diseases • disorders of the parathyroid gland – hypercalcemia – hypocalcemia • adrenal medulla disorders – pheochromcytoma © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Disorders of the Adrenal Cortex • Cushing syndrome – hypersecretion of cortisol • Addison’s disease – hyposecretion of adrenal corticoid hormones © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. The Pancreas and Diabetes Mellitus • symptoms of diabetes mellitus – polyuria • excessive urination – polydipsia • excessive thirst – polyphagia • increased hunger © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. The Pancreas and Diabetes Mellitus • type I diabetes mellitus – juvenile-onset • type II diabetes mellitus – adult-onset – insulin resistance – hyperglycemia © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Review and Assessment Match these words with 1–4 below: dwarfism, Cushing syndrome, goiter, polyuria. 1. a result of pituitary hypofunction 2. excessive urination 3. hypersecretion of cortisol 4. a result of hyperthyroidism © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.