Transcript APES CH 16 Power Point Presentation - student

Energy Efficiency and
Renewable Energy
Chapter 16
Core Case Study: Iceland’s Vision of a
Renewable-Energy Economy
 Has 20 active volcanoes
 Has no fossil fuel deposits: imports oil
 Supplies 75% of its primary energy and almost all of
its electrical energy using two renewable energy
sources: geothermal energy; hydroelectric power
 2003: World’s first commercial hydrogen filling station
 2003–2007: three prototype (hydrogen)
fuel-cell buses
 2008: 10 Toyota Prius hydrogen-fueled
test vehicles
 By 2050: Plans to become first country to
run entirely on renewable energy
We Waste Huge Amounts of Energy
 Energy conservation
• A decrease in energy use based primarily on
reducing unnecessary waste of energy
 Energy efficiency
• Measure of how much work we can get from
each unit of energy we use
We Waste Huge Amounts of Energy
 Best way to conserve energy is to increase
efficiency
 84% of all commercial energy in U.S. is wasted:
• 41% wasted unavoidably
(2nd law of thermodynamics)
• 43% wasted unnecessarily
(inefficiency of devices, etc.)
Four widely used devices that waste energy:
1. Incandescent light bulb (90-95% wasted energy)
•
Replace with fluorescent or LED lights
2. Internal combustion engine (94% wasted energy)
•
Replace with fuel cells
3. Nuclear power plant (92% wasted energy)
•
Replace with wind and solar cell farms to produce
electricity
4. Coal-fired power plant (75-80% wasted energy)
•
Replace with wind and solar cell farms to produce
electricity
Comparison of the Net Energy Efficiency
for Two Types of Space Heating
We Can Save Energy and Money:
Industry (30% of world’s energy consumption)
1. Cogeneration or combined heat and power (CHP)
•
2 useful forms of energy are produced from the same
fuel source
2. Replace energy-wasting electric motors
3. Recycling materials
4. Switch to higher-efficiency
fluorescent and LED lighting
5. Convert outdated and wasteful
electrical grid system with more
efficient one
We Can Save Energy and Money:
Transportation (2/3 of U.S. oil consumption)
1. Increase CAFE (Corporate Average Fuel Energy)
standards
2. Encourage fuel-efficient cars:
•
Hybrids and plug-in hybrids
3. Encourage energy-efficient diesel cars
4. Further development of fuel cells
5. Use ultralight composite materials for cars
Average Fuel Economy of New Vehicles
Sold in the U.S. and Other Countries
Solutions: A Hybrid-Gasoline-Electric
Engine Car and a Plug-in Hybrid Car
• Has a small gas-powered motor
• Electric motor run by battery
• 45 mpg; 65% less CO2
• Has a smaller gas-powered motor
• Battery for electric motor can be
recharged by plugging into outlet
• 100 mpg
We Can Save Energy and Money:
New Building Design (green architecture)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Orient building to maximize or minimize exposure
Focus light on work stations
Make use of natural lighting
Natural ventilation
Recycled building materials
U.S. Green Building Council’s Leadership in Energy
and Environmental Design
(LEED)
A Green or Living Roof
Chicago, IL
We Can Save Energy and Money:
Existing Buildings (retrofitting older buildings)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Insulate and plug leaks
Use energy-efficient windows
Stop other heating and cooling losses
Heat houses more efficiently
Heat water more efficiently
Use energy efficient appliances
Use energy efficient lighting
Individuals Matter: Ways in Which You
Can Save Money Where You Live
Commercial Energy Use by Source for the
World and the United States
2014:
19% of total energy
22% of electricity generated
2014:
10% of total energy
13% of electricity generated
Generating Costs of Energy Types
Generator Type
Mean Cost (¢ per kWh)
Passive Solar
0.01
Wind Energy
0.03
Geothermal Power
0.08
Hydroelectric Power
0.09
Active Solar
0.10
Hydrogen Fuel Cell
0.10
Natural Gas
0.11
Coal Power
0.12
Biomass
0.13
Biofuel
0.20
Nuclear Power
0.23
Photovoltaic
0.26
TRUE or FALSE
 Using RENEWABLE ENERGY
does not harm the
environment.
FALSE!!!
Passive Solar Heating
Solutions: Passive and Active Solar
Heating for a Home
• Home absorbs and stores heat
from sun directly
• Must be well-insulated
• No pumps or fans needed
• Special collectors contain heatabsorbing fluid (like antifreeze)
• Fluid absorbs energy from sun
• Fluid is pumped throughout house
Active Solar Heating
Hot Water on Apartment Buildings in Kunming, China
Commercial Solar Power Tower Plant
Near Seville in Southern Spain
 Solar Thermal System
• Concentrates energy from sun for cooking –or- to
heat water and produce steam, which turns
turbine, which generates electricity
Photovoltaic Cells
 Cells are thin wafers of silicon (semiconductor) w/
trace metals
 Sunlight strikes cells – emit electrons – produce
electricity
Solutions: Solar Cells Used to Provide
Electricity for a Remote Village in Niger
Solar Cells Used to Provide Electricity
for a Remote Village in Niger
Solar Cell Power Plant
in Arizona
Video Clip
 Transparent Solar Panels
We Can Produce Electricity from Falling
and Flowing Water
 Hydroelectric Power
• How it works:
1. The flow of water from higher to lower
elevations (in rivers and streams) is controlled
by dams
2. Water (stored in reservoirs) flows through
huge pipes – spins turbine – generates
electricity
• World’s leading renewable energy source of
electricity production
Using Wind to Produce Electricity Is an
Important Step toward Sustainability
 Wind Power
• How it works:
• Wind turns turbine directly – generates electricity
• Turbine can be as tall as 30 stories, but shorter ones are
being used in smaller spaces
• Offshore wind farms are increasing in number
• 2nd fastest growing source of electricity
Wind Farms in Texas
We Can Get Energy by Burning Solid
Biomass
 Solid Biomass - Made from plant materials (wood,
agricultural wastes) and animal wastes
• Examples: wood, charcoal, animal manure
• Can be burned directly for heating, cooking,
industrial processes
• Can be used to generate electricity
We Can Get Energy by Burning Solid
Biomass
 Liquid Biofuels
 Produced from plants and plant wastes
 Used in place of petroleum-based diesel and
gasoline
We Can Get Energy by Burning Solid
Biomass
 Two major types:
1. Biodiesel
• Produced from soybean oil, sunflower oil, used
vegetable oils from restaurant
• European countries produce 95% of world’s
biodiesel
2. Ethanol
• Made from fermentation and distillation of sugar
in sugar cane (Brazil) and corn (U.S.)
• Used directly in flex-fuel cars
Getting Energy from the Earth’s
Internal Heat
 Geothermal Energy
 Heat stored in soil, underground rock and fluids in
Earth’s mantle
Natural Capital: A Geothermal Heat Pump
System Can Heat or Cool a House
1. Geothermal Heat Pump
 Closed loop of buried pipes that circulate fluid
 Utilizes temperature differences of house and earth
to heat during winter and cool during summer
 Considered to be
the most effective,
energy-efficient,
reliable,
environmentally-clean
way of heating and
cooling a space
Natural Capital: A Geothermal Heat Pump
System Can Heat or Cool a House
Natural Capital: A Geothermal Heat Pump
System Can Heat or Cool a House
2. Hydrothermal Reserves
 Deep well drilled to extract steam from the earth’s
mantle
 Used to heat buildings –or- to spin turbines to
generate electricity
 Iceland (20 active volcanoes) - 80% of its electrical
energy and hot water
A Fuel Cell Separates the Hydrogen
Atoms’ Electrons from Their Protons
Fuel Cells
Combine H2 gas and O2 gas
to produce electricity
 How it works:
1. Cell takes in H2 gas,
separates e-s from p+s
2. e-s flow through wires to
produce electricity
3. p+s pass through a
membrane, combine with
O2 to form H2O
1
2
3
A Fuel Cell Separates the Hydrogen
Atoms’ Electrons from Their Protons
 Cars, trucks and buses
(w/small fuel cells) have
been developed, but not
massed produced
1
2
 Large fuel cells can
provide heat and
electricity for buildings
and industry
3
Math Calculations: Energy and Power
PRACTICE PROBLEM #1
Convert the following, showing your work by dimensional analysis:
a. 600 W = _____0.600_____________ kW
600 W x
1kW
1000 W
= 0.600 kW
b. 2.5 MW = _____________________ kW
c. 1.5 MW = _____________________ W (write your answer in scientific notation)
Math Calculations: Energy and Power
PRACTICE PROBLEM #1
Convert the following, showing your work by dimensional analysis:
a. 600 W = _____0.600_____________ kW
b. 2.5 MW = _____2500____________ kW
2.5 MW x 1000 kW = 2500 kW
1 MW
c. 1.5 MW = _____________________ W (write your answer in scientific notation)
Math Calculations: Energy and Power
PRACTICE PROBLEM #1
Convert the following, showing your work by dimensional analysis:
a. 600 W = _____0.600_____________ kW
b. 2.5 MW = _____2500____________ kW
c. 1.5 MW = _____ 1.5 x 106 _________W (write your answer in scientific notation)
1.5 MW x 1 x 106 W
1 MW
= 1.5 x 106 W
Math Calculations: Energy and Power
PRACTICE PROBLEM #2
Assume the refrigerator in your kitchen uses 500 watts. How much energy (kWh) does the
refrigerator use in one day?
500 W x 1 kW x 24 hours
1000 W
1 day
= 12 kWh/day
PRACTICE PROBLEM #3
How much energy (kWh) does the refrigerator use in one year?
PRACTICE PROBLEM #4
Assume the electric company charges $0.10 per kWh. How much does it cost to run the
refrigerator for one year?
Math Calculations: Energy and Power
PRACTICE PROBLEM #2
Assume the refrigerator in your kitchen uses 500 watts. How much energy (kWh) does the
refrigerator use in one day?
PRACTICE PROBLEM #3
How much energy (kWh) does the refrigerator use in one year?
12 kWh x 365 days =
1 day
1 year
4380 kwh/year
PRACTICE PROBLEM #4
Assume the electric company charges $0.10 per kWh. How much does it cost to run the
refrigerator for one year?
Math Calculations: Energy and Power
PRACTICE PROBLEM #2
Assume the refrigerator in your kitchen uses 500 watts. How much energy (kWh) does the
refrigerator use in one day?
PRACTICE PROBLEM #3
How much energy (kWh) does the refrigerator use in one year?
PRACTICE PROBLEM #4
Assume the electric company charges $0.10 per kWh. How much does it cost to run the
refrigerator for one year?
4380 kWh x $0.10 =
1 year
1 kWh
$438/year
Math Calculations: Energy and Power
PRACTICE PROBLEM #5
An average incandescent light bulb has a life expectancy of 1,000 hours. How much energy (kWh)
would a typical 60W bulb use in a lifetime, assuming it lasts the entire 1,000 hours?
60 W x
1 kW x 1000 hours = 60 kWh
1000 W
PRACTICE PROBLEM #6
A 15W compact fluorescent bulb (equivalent lumen output of a 60W incandescent bulb) has a life
expectancy of 10,000 hours. How much energy would a typical 15W bulb use in a lifetime, assuming it lasts
the entire 10,000 hours?
Math Calculations: Energy and Power
PRACTICE PROBLEM #5
An average incandescent light bulb has a life expectancy of 1,000 hours. How much energy (kWh)
would a typical 60W bulb use in a lifetime, assuming it lasts the entire 1,000 hours?
PRACTICE PROBLEM #6
A 15W compact fluorescent bulb (equivalent lumen output of a 60W incandescent bulb) has a life
expectancy of 10,000 hours. How much energy would a typical 15W bulb use in a lifetime, assuming it lasts
the entire 10,000 hours?
15 W x
1 kW x 10000 hours
1000 W
= 150 kWh
Math Calculations: Energy and Power
PRACTICE PROBLEM #7
Assuming a price of $0.10 per kWh, what is the difference in energy cost for 10,000 hours of incandescent
versus compact fluorescent bulbs?
10(60 kWh)($0.10) = $60 incandescent
(150 kWh)($0.10) = $15 compact fluorescent
$60 - $15 = $45 more for incandescent
Math Calculations: Energy and Power
PRACTICE PROBLEM #8
One pound (lb) of bituminous coal contains 12,000 BTUs of energy. Suppose a coal-fired power
plant needs 3,000 BTUs of heat to produce one kWh of electricity. How much coal is required to
produce one kilowatt-hour of electricity?
3000 BTU x
1 kWh
__ 1 lb___ = 0.25 lbs coal/kWh
12000 BTU
PRACTICE PROBLEM #9
If the coal-fired power plant has a 1 MW output, how much coal must be burned to keep the plant at
full output for 24 hours?
PRACTICE PROBLEM #10
Assuming coal is 2% sulfur by mass, how many pounds of sulfur would be released in a 24-hour
period?
Math Calculations: Energy and Power
PRACTICE PROBLEM #8
One pound (lb) of bituminous coal contains 12,000 BTUs of energy. Suppose a coal-fired power
plant needs 3,000 BTUs of heat to produce one kWh of electricity. How much coal is required to
produce one kilowatt-hour of electricity?
PRACTICE PROBLEM #9
If the coal-fired power plant has a 1 MW output, how much coal must be burned to keep the plant at
full output for 24 hours?
1 MW x 1000 kW x 0.25 lb coal x 24 hrs = 6000 lbs coal
1 MW
1 kWh
PRACTICE PROBLEM #10
Assuming coal is 2% sulfur by mass, how many pounds of sulfur would be released in a 24-hour
period?
Math Calculations: Energy and Power
PRACTICE PROBLEM #8
One pound (lb) of bituminous coal contains 12,000 BTUs of energy. Suppose a coal-fired power
plant needs 3,000 BTUs of heat to produce one kWh of electricity. How much coal is required to
produce one kilowatt-hour of electricity?
PRACTICE PROBLEM #9
If the coal-fired power plant has a 1 MW output, how much coal must be burned to keep the plant at
full output for 24 hours?
PRACTICE PROBLEM #10
Assuming coal is 2% sulfur by mass, how many pounds of sulfur would be released in a 24-hour
period?
6000 lbs coal x 0.02 = 120 lbs sulfur
6000 lbs coal x__ 2 lbs_S__= 120 lbs sulfur
100 lbs coal
-OR-
Math Calculations: Energy Efficiency
Problem #1
How much useful energy will a 75W incandescent light bulb have available as light energy?
Efficiency =
Energy out =
Energy out =
energy out x 100
energy in
efficiency x energy in
100
5 x 75W
100
OR:
75W x .05 = 3.75W
Energy out =
3.75W
Math Calculations: Energy Efficiency
Problem #2
How much useful energy will a 75W fluorescent light bulb have available as light energy?
Efficiency =
Energy out =
Energy out =
energy out x 100
energy in
efficiency x energy in
100
22 x 75W
100
OR:
75W x .22 = 16.5W
Energy out =
16.5W